{"id":2557,"date":"2024-02-15T21:54:41","date_gmt":"2024-02-15T21:54:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/?page_id=2557"},"modified":"2026-08-24T14:48:19","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T22:48:19","slug":"history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/history\/","title":{"rendered":"History"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><!-- Klamath Irrigation District - publish copy. Editorial notes removed. -->\n\n<div class=\"kid-hist\">\n\n  <div class=\"kid-hist__head\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__eyebrow\">The District<\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"kid-hist__title\">History<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__hook\">The water was here first. It attracted the people.<\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p class=\"kid-hist__deck\">Before the ditches, before the Project, before the Reclamation Act, this Basin was water \u2014 lakes, marshes, and a river that ran in two directions depending on the season. That water is why anyone is here at all.<\/p>\n\n  <p class=\"kid-hist__lede\">It drew the Klamath, the Modoc and the Yahooskin, who lived along it for thousands of years, and later the emigrant families who came and stayed. <strong>None of them made the water. What they made was the means to move it.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n  <p class=\"kid-hist__lede\">For thirty-four years that was done by hand \u2014 by townspeople, by ranchers, and by a widow and her children, digging ditches to carry water onto ground that had been lakebed. Then the United States invested in a Project built at a scale no one here could manage alone. <strong>The families of this Basin repaid every dollar of it, from the first shovel to the last payment in 1965.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n  <p class=\"kid-hist__thesis\">A ditch can be bought and sold. The right to use the water stayed with the land.<\/p>\n\n  <p class=\"kid-hist__lede\">This page is not a chronology. It is the reason a District exists, told through the people who built it and the paper they left behind. Most of what follows can be opened and read for yourself \u2014 the contracts, the minute books, the surveys, the letters. Where the record is thin or disputed, this page says so.<\/p>\n\n  <nav class=\"kid-hist__jump\" aria-label=\"On this page\">\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-before\">Before the Project<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-bargain\">The Reclamation Act, 1902\u20131905<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-building\">Main Division & the Mega-District, 1906\u20131916<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-district\">The District & the Dam, 1917\u20131922<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-conflict\">Transfer Recommended, 1923\u20131953<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-transfer\">Transfer & Paid in Full, 1954\u20131965<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-paid\">Title Never Followed, 1966\u20131987<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-esa\">The ESA, 1988\u20132000<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-modern\">Constant Conflict, 2001\u2013<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-why\">Why This Is Here<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-bottomline\">The Bottom Line<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-index\">All the Pages<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#kid-hist-library\">The Documents<\/a>\n  <\/nav>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section kid-hist__section--why\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-bottomline\">\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-bottomline\">The bottom line, before the detail<\/h2>\n\n    <p>A history page is an odd thing for an irrigation district to spend time on. Districts move water. <strong>But this District keeps finding its own past described in rooms it is not in \u2014 usually inaccurately, and usually in a way that ends up costing its patrons.<\/strong> So the record is set out here, with the documents attached, and anyone may check it.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Underneath every date on this page is the same small fact, repeating. <strong>A person put water on ground and grew something.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <p>The District's mission is one sentence: <em>to acquire, maintain, assure and deliver an adequate water supply for beneficial use on qualified land within the Klamath Project.<\/em> Everything below is that sentence happening, in order, for a hundred and twenty years. <strong>The people who dug the first ditches are gone. The obligation they signed is still being paid, and the ground is still being farmed by the families who took it on.<\/strong><\/p>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__featured\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-story\">\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__featured-head\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__featured-kicker\">Featured \u00b7 The District's own account<\/p>\n      <h2 class=\"kid-hist__featured-title\" id=\"kid-hist-story\">A Brief History of the Klamath Irrigation District<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__featured-body\">The full story, told in maps and photographs \u2014 the Klamath Reclamation Project from the ditches that came before it to the District that runs it today. Compiled by Gene Souza, Executive Director, Klamath Irrigation District, from the historical record. Scroll inside the frame, or open it full screen.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__storyframe\">\n      <iframe src=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/87ea08b6baad41e9a1a13d62368aa42f\" title=\"A Brief History of the Klamath Irrigation District and the Klamath Reclamation Project\" allowfullscreen allow=\"geolocation\"><\/iframe>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__featured-actions\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__btn\" href=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/87ea08b6baad41e9a1a13d62368aa42f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open the story map full screen<\/a>\n    <\/p>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-hero-title\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__hero-kicker\">Also from the District<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__hero-title\" id=\"kid-hist-hero-title\">Take the interactive tour<\/h2>\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__hero-body\">A full-screen, map-driven walk through the District and the Klamath Reclamation Project.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__hero-actions\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__btn kid-hist__btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/arcg.is\/1fauKL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open the full-screen tour<\/a>\n    <\/p>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <p class=\"kid-hist__part\">Part one \u00b7 Before the Project<\/p>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-before\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">Time Immemorial \u2013 1905<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-before\">Before the Project<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Two things were here before the Klamath Project, and neither of them was built: the water, and the people. Both have pages of their own, because both deserve more room than a summary.<\/p>\n\n    <p><strong>The water.<\/strong> Ancient Lake Modoc once filled this Basin. What it left behind was called <strong>the Everglades of the West<\/strong> \u2014 a description the Deputy Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service repeated to the House Committee on Natural Resources in 2022. Natural barriers kept water from running over the reef at Keno, holding two lakes across more than <strong>182,000 acres<\/strong> of open water and marsh, thirty feet deep in places, which in dry years evaporated <strong>upwards of 520,000 acre-feet a year<\/strong> before a single acre was farmed. It is nutrient rich: heavy in phosphorus, nitrogen and algae, poor for drinking and superbly suited to growing plants. Sweet and McBeth described what fed it in 1908 \u2014 large bodies of semi-stagnant water full of decaying nutrients \u2014 and the soils it laid down are among the most productive in the world, compared in the District's own assessment to the black earth of Ukraine. It also runs dry on a cycle. The tree rings record twenty-one consecutive years below the median in the mid-1600s, four years ending in 1846, five more ending in 1852, and twelve from 1924 to 1935.<\/p>\n\n    <p><strong>The people.<\/strong> The Klamath, the Modoc and the Yahooskin lived along these rivers and marshes for thousands of years. The Applegate Trail was driven through their country in 1846; agreements were made, one of them never ratified; a war followed in 1872 whose first shots were fired on lands this District serves; and not everyone was removed.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/everglades-of-the-west\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">The Everglades of the West<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">What this Basin was before the Project \u2014 182,000 acres of lake and marsh \u2014 who brought its water to the land, and who paid for the storage<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/water-history\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">What kind of water this is<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Nutrient rich, not polluted \u00b7 the travellers, Sweet and McBeth in 1908, and five hundred years of drought in the tree rings<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/before-the-project-the-people-of-this-basin\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">The Klamath, the Modoc and the Yahooskin<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Whose country this is \u00b7 Time Immemorial to 1882, the emigrant road, the agreements, the war, and the families who were never removed<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">The ditches that came first<\/h3>\n\n    <p><strong>The first ditch in this Basin was dug in 1868.<\/strong> George Nurse, who had founded Linkville the year before, and Joe Conger planted a garden and set out fruit trees on the east side of Link River \u2014 trees that grew into the well-known Conger orchard. Orchards and gardens do not keep themselves alive through a Klamath summer on twelve inches of rain. Water was brought to them, and bringing water to ground is what a ditch is. The <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathcountyhistoricalsociety.org\/images\/Echoes\/Klamath-Echoes-No.-7---Merrill-Keno.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Klamath County Historical Society<\/a>, weighing the same evidence, concluded that <em>\u201cthis Nurse-Conger ditch may have been the first\u201d<\/em>; a Peter Britt photograph of Linkville from 1874 shows a flourishing crop of corn on the ground across the river.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Two later ditches are sometimes given the honour and both deserve their place. The <strong>Moore ditch of 1877<\/strong>, almost a thousand feet long, is on record as the first ditch <em>on the river<\/em> \u2014 built to power a sawmill and flume logs down from the upper lake, and taken over by the Reclamation Service as the Keno Canal. And the <strong>Linkville Water Ditch Company of 1878<\/strong> is the first with a corporate existence, a stock certificate and, eventually, an adjudicated priority.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__note\">The distinction is worth keeping. <strong>The first ditch and the first water right are not the same thing.<\/strong> The Nurse-Conger ditch carries no adjudicated priority \u2014 it was never claimed in the Klamath Basin Adjudication. The oldest priority the State awarded on this ground runs from Steele's appropriation of <strong>21 March 1884<\/strong>, and it belongs to this District as Claim 321-9, KA-1004.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Ten years after that, on <strong>March 15, 1878<\/strong>, a group of Linkville citizens \u2014 Linkville is now Klamath Falls \u2014 incorporated the <strong>Linkville Water Ditch Company<\/strong> and ran a canal off the head of Link River \u2014 heading at the lower reef, the same reef the Link River Dam would later be built on \u2014 to water the town lots. Forty miners' inches. One cubic foot per second, tapped at the lower reef. It came to be known as the <strong>Ankeny-Henley Canal<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n    <p>In the <strong>spring of 1884<\/strong> a rancher named <strong>William Steele<\/strong> enlarged it and extended it into the Klamath Valley for fifteen miles. For the privilege of enlarging, Voorhees records, Steele gave each member of the old company a certificate for one miner's inch of water \u2014 forty inches in all. Steele had come from Ireland by way of Wisconsin and Reno, ranched cattle at Pyramid Lake, and reached this country about 1883 convinced the stockmen were wrong to winter cattle on tule hay alone. Alfalfa was the answer, and alfalfa wanted water. The extension cost him close to <strong>$20,000<\/strong>, and in places took condemnation proceedings against ranchers who believed water would ruin them. When Steele died in <strong>1888<\/strong> the ditch passed to his widow Esther, then to two of her children, one of them <strong>S. S. Henley<\/strong>, and then to a new company incorporated as the <strong>Klamath Falls Irrigation Company<\/strong>, with Henry Ankeny holding a third interest. Steele left three daughters, and this Basin's irrigation history runs through their marriages: <strong>Fannie<\/strong> married <strong>J. Frank Adams<\/strong>, who built the Adams canal; <strong>Sophie S.<\/strong> married J. T. Henley, and it is her warranty deed that conveyed right-of-way to the United States for one dollar. It was enlarged from time to time until it carried fifty second-feet.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Enlarged, the canal wound southeast along the foothills out of Klamath Falls for about eight miles and then divided. The <strong>main branch<\/strong> ran south seven miles along the divide between the Klamath and Lost Rivers, commanding some of the best land in the valley; the <strong>east branch<\/strong> continued towards Olene. Its grade fell one to five feet per mile, its bottom narrowing from fifteen feet at the head to four at the tail. Voorhees's assessment is worth keeping: the system <strong>could command sixteen thousand acres and probably never irrigated more than four thousand<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Those branches are still in the ground. The Ankeny-Henley itself is the \u201cA\u201d Canal; its main southern branch is the upper portion of today's C Canal, and the eastern branch towards Olene is today's B Canal. The federal Main Canal, when it came, was laid along the same line and divided at the same place.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The Van Brimmer system rested on a secret. Working with a carpenter's spirit level on a tripod \u2014 there was no surveyor to be had locally \u2014 the brothers and Adams established that <strong>Lower Klamath Lake stood twenty-eight feet higher than Tule Lake<\/strong>. That one measurement made gravity irrigation possible across the whole of the lower Lost River country, and they told nobody while they quietly filed on every vacant tract that would serve as a right-of-way. When the scrapers reached Redding in the summer of 1882, the teamster sent to fetch them asked what on earth a cow country wanted with scrapers.<\/p>\n\n    <p>They were not the only ones working. The <strong>Van Brimmer Brothers<\/strong> began construction in <strong>1882<\/strong> and posted their notice of appropriation on <strong>4 September 1883<\/strong> \u2014 the priority date the State of Oregon awarded a century later \u2014 to water about four thousand acres on the south and west sides of Lost River near Merrill, drawing from White Lake. It took them four years; the ditch was finished in 1886, carrying water out of the Lower Klamath basin and into the Tule Lake basin.<\/p>\n\n    <p>That same year, <strong>J. Frank Adams<\/strong> and his neighbours completed six miles of canal from Lost River to Adams Point \u2014 and they did it by agreement with the Van Brimmers, who furnished five thousand inches of water through their system to the west bank of Lost River, where Adams built a wooden flume to carry it across. By 1904 his canal ran twenty-two miles around the north side of Tule Lake as far east as the Carr Ranch, eventually watering some ten thousand acres. It was renamed in 1915. It is the District's <strong>D Canal<\/strong> today.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__caption\">Two private systems, joined by a handshake and a wooden flume, twenty years before the Reclamation Service arrived.<\/p>\n\n    <p>One date is worth settling in public. Reclamation's current website dates the Ankeny Canal to <strong>1887<\/strong>. That is nine years late, and the correction does not depend on state law or on anything this District says \u2014 it comes from <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1dlBjtJiURi-FVvrBmvf0WXRj6Zd_pWjL\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reclamation's own project history<\/a>, written by its Assistant Engineer while the canals were being built.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\">Voorhees, U.S. Reclamation Service, on the Ankeny-Henley<\/p>\n      <p>\u201cIn 1878 a number of Linkville citizens incorporated under the name of <em>The Linkville Water Ditch Co.<\/em> and dug a small ditch heading in Link River about 2 miles above what is now known as Klamath Falls\u2026 In the spring of 1884, William Steele enlarged this ditch and extended it into the Klamath Valley for a distance of 15 miles.\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>The State of Oregon reached the same conclusion independently. After a full adjudication of the evidence it awarded this District a priority of <strong>March 21, 1884<\/strong> on that canal. Two federal records and one state decree agree; only the modern web page does not.<\/p>\n\n    <p>By 1903, private interests in this Basin had thousands of acres under irrigation without a dollar of federal money in any of it. The figure is worth setting out by its parts rather than as a round number, because the parts are documented and the round numbers are not.<\/p>\n\n    <ul class=\"kid-hist__ditches\">\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">Ankeny-Henley<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\"><strong>About 4,000 acres irrigated<\/strong>, on a system that <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1dlBjtJiURi-FVvrBmvf0WXRj6Zd_pWjL\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voorhees reckoned could command 16,000<\/a>. The United States bought the ditch in 1905 for $50,000 <em>plus a water right for <strong>1,799 acres<\/strong><\/em> \u2014 the same 1,799 acres the State of Oregon later adjudicated to this District under Claim KA-1004, priority March 21, 1884.<\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">Adams \/ Little Klamath Ditch Co.<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Twenty-two miles of canal by 1904, drawing through the Van Brimmer system under the 1886 agreement, running to the Carr Ranch country and the Lost River. Bought by the United States in 1905 for $100,000.<\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">Van Brimmer Ditch Company<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Construction begun 1882, notice of appropriation posted <strong>4 September 1883<\/strong>, finished 1886, drawing from White Lake. <strong>About 4,000 acres<\/strong>, carried at 4,500 in Reclamation's 1919 accounting, with a contract entitlement of fifty second-feet.<\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">Linkville town lots<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Forty miners' inches from 1878 \u2014 small, and the origin of everything above it on this list.<\/span><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n\n    <p>One of those dates was tested and settled. The Van Brimmers posted their notice of appropriation on <strong>4 September 1883<\/strong>, at the point of diversion \u2014 and filed it in <strong>Siskiyou County, California<\/strong>, believing the diversion lay on that side of the line. On discovering it was in Oregon they filed again on 19 September 1884. When Oregon adjudicated the claim it forgave the error under ORS 539.010(6), which excuses irregularities in pre-1909 notices made in good faith, and awarded the <strong>earlier<\/strong> date: <strong>4 September 1883<\/strong>, fifty cubic feet per second, 4,695.1 acres, 15 April to 15 October \u2014 Claim 321-6, KA-1001, held by the Van Brimmer Ditch Company to this day.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The United States had claimed the same water on a priority of <strong>1882<\/strong>, asserting that Van Brimmer had transferred the right to it in the 1909 settlement. <strong>Oregon denied that claim.<\/strong> The company had given up its riparian rights; it had never conveyed the appropriative right. It is the same finding the State made about the Ankeny, and it is the pattern this whole history turns on: <strong>the United States bought ditches, and twice claimed the water that ran in them, and twice the State of Oregon said the water was not the ditch's to sell.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <p>Add them and Reclamation's own figure is the one that holds. Its <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1pAa42aRP9mzECCFua1kizb-F1X0UpvTU\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1953 accounting<\/a> puts about 4,000 acres under the Ankeny-Henley on the east bank of Link River and about 9,000 under the ditches running from Lower Klamath Lake toward the Lost River near Merrill \u2014 the Adams and Van Brimmer systems together. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usbr.gov\/mp\/kbao\/aboutus\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Its published history states the total plainly<\/a>: <strong>approximately 13,000 acres irrigated by private interests by 1903<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The District has elsewhere used a figure nearer <strong>21,000<\/strong>. That number appears to measure something different \u2014 land these systems could <em>command<\/em> rather than land they actually watered, which for the Ankeny-Henley alone was a gap of four thousand against sixteen. <strong>This page uses 13,000 for acreage irrigated<\/strong>, because it is the federal government's own figure, it is traceable to its parts, and it cannot be argued down. Land commanded and not yet watered was substantially greater, and that is a separate claim which should be made separately.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__pull\">\n      <p>\u201cThe Klamath Project <strong>incorporated several privately built canals<\/strong>\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__caption\">Reclamation did not come here to build irrigation. It came to enlarge it.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">And then the government came to look<\/h3>\n\n    <p>All of that was in the ground before any federal engineer set eyes on it \u2014 and when one finally did, he wrote down what he found. Before Whistler came in November 1903, another engineer had already been through. <strong>H. E. Green<\/strong> left Bieber on <strong>13 October 1903<\/strong> and rode north through Lookout, Craig and Dry Lake, past Cornell and the Jesse D. Carr ranch, around the north side of Tule Lake to Merrill, then south to Willow Creek and west to Ball. His <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1TVwyU75bemGIxmX3ubbEYJV96emkxt10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Report of Reconnaissance of the Country Lying on Either Side of the Boundary Line Between California and Oregon<\/em><\/a> survives in the District's vault, typed on onion skin.<\/p>\n\n    <p>It is the earliest federal description of this ground the District holds, and four things in it are worth having.<\/p>\n\n    <ul class=\"kid-hist__ditches\">\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">The river, measured<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">\u201cThe Klamath River was measured by meter at the railroad bridge at Klamathon, at its lowest stage of this year (reported by residents to be <strong>lower than it has been for several years<\/strong>), and was found to be discharging <strong>2,000 second-feet<\/strong>.\u201d A gauged low-water figure for the Klamath in the autumn of 1903, taken before any of the works existed.<\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">The Ankeny ditch, before the United States bought it<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Green crossed it on the county road and found it <strong>\u201cnot in very good shape\u201d<\/strong> \u2014 about twelve square feet of cross-section, discharging six hundred miner's inches or more, watering the ground between Klamath Falls and Lost River. He notes that carrying water at a higher level had been costed at around <strong>$700,000<\/strong>, that without a dam only three or four feet of elevation could be gained, and that <strong>\u201cnearly all the land tributary to such a canal is in private ownership.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">J. Frank Adams, already at work<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">\u201cThere is also an irrigating project being carried out from Lower Klamath Lake, which is in the hands of a company, and the work being carried out is <strong>in charge of Mr. J. F. Adams, of Merrill<\/strong>.\u201d Two years before he signed Trust Deed No. 1, Adams was the man a federal engineer named as running the Lower Klamath works.<\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">The scale of what was possible<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Link River falls <strong>sixty to seventy feet in a mile<\/strong> and was already being used for power. Clear Lake he computed at <strong>460,800 acre-feet<\/strong> behind a thirty-foot working head \u2014 and found that <strong>Jesse D. Carr had already dammed Willow Creek<\/strong> to turn its water into Lost River and flood his hay ground. Of the canyon country he wrote that fifty to a hundred thousand acres might be irrigated, <em>\u201ca very well-known project\u2026 discussed by many engineers, but no detail work has ever been done.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n\n    <p>Green's closing sentence is about grass. Passing Steele Swamp he counted <strong>twenty-four haystacks of perhaps a hundred tons each<\/strong> from the wagon road, and ended his report calling it <strong>\u201can illustration of what could be done with even the native grass when assisted by water applied under control.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n      <\/section>\n\n  <p class=\"kid-hist__part\">Part two \u00b7 Building it<\/p>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-bargain\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">1902 \u2013 1905<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-bargain\">The Reclamation Act, and the Association<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Congress passed the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usbr.gov\/power\/legislation\/reclact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Reclamation Act<\/strong><\/a> on <strong>17 June 1902<\/strong>, and with it a method: the United States would advance the capital to build irrigation works in the arid West, and the landowners who benefited would pay it back. Nothing was granted. Everything was lent.<\/p>\n\n    <p>For that to work here, somebody had to be liable. In the winter of 1904 the Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Service came to Klamath Falls and told a large audience what the Project would cost them \u2014 twenty dollars an acre, and only up to the point at which it was turned over to the water users. On <strong>4 March 1905<\/strong> the landowners incorporated the <strong>Klamath Water Users Association<\/strong> to accept that liability; on 1 April, at Houston's Opera House, they raised its capital stock to three million dollars and adopted By-Laws whose Article I named the territory <em>\u201cthe Klamath Irrigation District\u201d<\/em> \u2014 twelve years before the District existed.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Congress had already cleared the ground. An Act of <strong>9 February 1905<\/strong> authorised the raising and lowering of Lower Klamath and Tule Lakes for a federal project, and Oregon and California ceded their rights in those lakebeds the same year. The Secretary authorised construction on <strong>15 May 1905<\/strong> for $4.4 million.<\/p>\n\n    <p>On <strong>3 November 1905<\/strong> the stockholders met at the Courthouse and directed their Board to sign. <strong>The contract with the United States is dated 6 November 1905.<\/strong> Three hundred men had guaranteed the cost of a Project that did not yet exist.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/kwua-of-1905\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">The Klamath Water Users Association of 1905<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Newell's promise and what it was worth, the incorporation, the purchases, the November contract \u2014 and why the Association of 1905 is not the organization of the same name today<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-building\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">1906 \u2013 1916<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-building\">Building the Main Division \u2014 K.I.D. becomes a mega-district<\/h2>\n\n    <p>The Project came together canal by canal over three decades. Work on the \u201cA\u201d Canal began in March 1906, with the B, E and F Canals started the same year and the First Unit Main Drain installed. By 1907 the \u201cA\u201d and B Canals had been carried to Olene, thirty-three miles of laterals and drains were finished, and works existed to serve 20,500 acres \u2014 of which 8,900 actually took water that year.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The promise the Association had incorporated on came due in <strong>1908<\/strong>, when the Secretary announced a construction charge of <strong>$30.00 an acre<\/strong> for the Main Division. The Klamath Water Users Association <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Sc48NCyykOgtIyiQ79h93OWirO3giRzQ\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">passed a resolution denying any obligation to pay more than the originally estimated maximum of $20.00 an acre<\/a> \u2014 the figure Newell had given them in 1904. Secretary Garfield's response, as one of his last acts in office, was to <strong>suspend construction on the Klamath Project in January 1909<\/strong>. The Association retracted the resolution. His successor, Richard Ballinger, ordered the work resumed.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\">1909 \u2014 The ceiling breaks<\/p>\n      <p>Reclamation's Public Notice of <strong>18 November 1908<\/strong> set the building charge at <strong>$30.00 an acre<\/strong> \u2014 half again the figure Newell had promised in 1904. The Association resolved that it owed no more than twenty. Secretary <strong>Garfield<\/strong> suspended construction. The Association retracted, in <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1BhzVnkYVYHUq71mIBka4mc4foRdd8IP_\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a resolution of 23 February 1909<\/a> introduced by founding director O. A. Stearns, acknowledging that its contract and every shareholder's stock subscription were binding and that <em>\u201cnothing the Board of Directors could do or fail to do would relieve either the shareholders or the Water Users' Association from the provisions of the contracts.\u201d<\/em> Secretary <strong>Ballinger<\/strong> ordered the work resumed. By 1913 the stockholders were telling the Secretary that their payments had been \u201clargely derived from sources other than the produce of the soil\u201d \u2014 that they had exhausted their credit beyond what the farms could earn. They were paying with money the ground had not made.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>The C Canal followed in 1908 and 1909, including 4,300 feet of flume. By the end of 1909 there were 23.5 miles of main canal and 47 miles of laterals, and roughly 21,620 acres taking Project water. Contracts for the Lost River Diversion Channel and the Lost River Diversion Dam were let in 1910 and both were completed by 1912. In 1913, local farmers working under the direction of the Reclamation Service began expanding the D Canal \u2014 the one Frank Adams and his neighbours had dug by hand in 1886.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Reclamation settled the question itself in 1953: <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1pAa42aRP9mzECCFua1kizb-F1X0UpvTU\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by 1912, 23,034 acres were irrigated<\/a> in what was later called the Main Division, and <strong>nearly all the initial distribution system was complete<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The year-by-year record is in the Reclamation Service's own <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1dlBjtJiURi-FVvrBmvf0WXRj6Zd_pWjL\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">history of the Project for 1903 to 1912<\/a>, written by Assistant Engineer I. S. Voorhees. By the <strong>1909<\/strong> season the Service was prepared to furnish water to <strong>30,000 acres<\/strong>, and about 21,000 were irrigated. In 1910 the area rose to 23,000. In <strong>1911 and 1912 it stood at 24,000 acres<\/strong>. The East Branch reached Olene in the spring of 1912, and the Second Unit laterals were taken up from there.<\/p>\n\n\n    <p>In <strong>1868<\/strong>, George Nurse and Joseph Conger dug a ditch off the east side of Link River to water their gardens. Thirty-four years would pass before Congress passed the Reclamation Act. That ditch later became part of the Ankeny Canal.<\/p>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">What was actually built \u2014 and what it was built on top of<\/h3>\n\n<p>A contract for the \u201cA\u201d Canal was awarded in December 1905 and work began in March 1906. When Reclamation's contractor reached a three-mile stretch, it could not finish: the route ran along the Ankeny-Henley Canal, then in operation. The Project's main canal follows the line the Basin dug by hand.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The canal itself came across the following year. In <strong>July 1906<\/strong>, the Klamath Falls Irrigation Company \u2014 successor to Steele, to his widow Esther, and to S. S. Henley \u2014 deeded the Ankeny-Henley Canal to the United States. That deed is the one the State of Oregon would examine ninety years later, and it is the reason the acreage figure in the District's water right is what it is.<\/p>\n\n    <p>On <strong>May 22, 1907<\/strong>, water was turned into the \u201cA\u201d Canal \u2014 routed, because the new headworks were not yet finished, <strong>through the old Ankeny ditch<\/strong>. It was the first delivery of water through Klamath Project works, and it ran down a channel dug by private hands twenty-three years earlier. Division 1, with its headworks and tunnel, was formally put in commission on <strong>June 27<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n    <p>The shape of it is worth knowing, because almost none of it was new country. The <strong>Main Canal<\/strong> heads where Link River leaves Upper Klamath Lake and runs southeast for nine miles at a capacity falling from 1,500 to 1,400 second-feet. At the South Branch heading it divides: the <strong>South Branch Canal<\/strong> south at 300 second-feet, and a smaller continuation \u2014 <strong>originally called the East Branch<\/strong> \u2014 running four and a half miles east to Olene at 261 second-feet.<\/p>\n\n    <p>For three of those first nine miles the Main Canal was laid on the line of somebody else's ditch. Voorhees records that between mile post 2 and mile post 5 the location was <strong>\u201cpractically identical with that of the Ankeny Canal, then in service irrigating about 5,000 acres\u201d<\/strong> \u2014 so the contractor was barred from working that stretch during the irrigation season, and the Schedule 2 excavation could not be touched at all while the old canal ran. The United States built its Main Canal around a private canal that was still delivering water, and waited on that canal's season to do it.<\/p>\n\n    <p>It had bought the right to do so. The Board settled terms in 1905 with the owners of each system in turn: the Little Klamath Ditch Company \u2014 the Adams canal \u2014 for $100,000; the Jesse D. Carr Land & Livestock Company for $187,500; and the <strong>Ankeny-Henley Ditch for $50,000 plus a water right for 1,799 acres<\/strong>. That acreage is not a coincidence. It is the same 1,799 acres the State of Oregon adjudicated to this District a century later under Claim KA-1004.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1dlBjtJiURi-FVvrBmvf0WXRj6Zd_pWjL\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Annual Project History, Klamath Project, 1903\u20131912<\/a>, Bureau of Reclamation<\/p>\n      <p>\u201c\u2026they agreed with J. Frank Adams for the purchase of the property of the <strong>\u2018Little Klamath Ditch Co.' for $100,000<\/strong>, and with the owners of the <strong>Ankeny-Henley Ditch for $50,000 plus a water right for 1799 acres of land<\/strong>\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__foot\"><strong>This is settled.<\/strong> The source usually cited here as \u201cVoorhees\u201d <em>is<\/em> Reclamation's own annual Project History for 1903\u20131912 \u2014 the government's contemporaneous record, not a later account \u2014 and it gives the figure exactly. Other numbers circulate: Driscoll gives $47,530 for the Ankeny Canal, and <em>Klamath Echoes<\/em> No. 7 reports a $150,000 settlement after litigation, which appears to describe the separate <strong>Klamath Canal Company<\/strong> transaction \u2014 the annual history records that the Board of Engineers recommended <strong>$150,000 be offered to the Klamath Canal Co.<\/strong> to avoid litigation and delay. <strong>Two different purchases, two different figures, conflated in the retelling.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <p>The <strong>Griffith<\/strong> question has an answer too, and it is a good one. Koppen, describing the \u201cG\u201d Canal in 1919: <strong>\u201cThe present \u2018G\u2019 Canal is an enlargement of the old Griffiths lateral.\u201d<\/strong> The Griffiths lateral was not absorbed or abandoned. It was widened, and it is still carrying water under a federal letter.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The <strong>South Branch Canal<\/strong> was advertised on February 1, 1908 and runs 13.2 miles from Station 481 on the Main Canal to a point a mile northwest of Merrill \u2014 where it <strong>connects with the old Adams Canal at the Lost River flume crossing<\/strong>. The same pattern again: new federal canal, joined to a private one built twenty-two years earlier. Its distribution system was deliberately built by force account in small schedules, so that local contractors and farmers could bid the work themselves.<\/p>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">What the government told the landowners in 1908<\/h3>\n\n    <p>Three years into construction, the Bureau of Soils published its <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1VLNBfPYNa7UfAQJKstE0gl5NZrC0IC45\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey of the Klamath Reclamation Project<\/a>. It explained to prospective settlers what the water would cost and on what terms. The sentence is worth reading slowly:<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\">Sweet and McBeth, Soil Survey of the Klamath Reclamation Project, 1908<\/p>\n      <p>\u201cIt is not yet known what the cost will be, but when determined it will be paid by the owners of the land in ten annual payments, <strong>after which the system will become the property of the landowners<\/strong> and the cost of water will be the amount necessary to pay the maintenance and operating expenses of the system.\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>That is the United States, in a federal publication, in 1908, describing the arrangement in the plainest possible terms: <strong>the landowners pay for the works, and then the works are theirs.<\/strong> The same page records the other side of the bargain \u2014 that no holding receiving water could exceed 160 acres, and that any excess had to be sold or turned over to the Government.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The landowners kept their side. The payments were made and the debt cleared on 4 May 1965. The system has not become their property.<\/p>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">And the argument reorganised the Project<\/h3>\n\n    <p>The fight over the thirty dollars did not end in a compromise on price. <strong>It ended with a Secretary of the Interior drawing a line around the ground he thought too expensive to serve.<\/strong> On <strong>17 February 1910<\/strong> Ballinger wrote to the Association's Secretary excluding <strong>Langell and Yonna valleys<\/strong> \u2014 the Upper Project \u2014 together with the elevated tracts that could only be watered by pumping, releasing them from their stock subscriptions and from the liens on them.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Reclamation remained willing to serve them if some arrangement could be made to secure the construction charges. <strong>That arrangement was the Warren Act of 1911<\/strong>, and it is where the Project's contract classes come from.<\/p>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">The pumping division<\/h3>\n\n    <p>The Main Division was designed to run downhill. Water enters at Link River, where the lake surface stands about fifty-five feet above Lake Ewauna, and every acre the original canals were laid out to serve could be reached by gravity. Stoutemyer and Dent put it flatly in <strong>1924<\/strong>: the Klamath Irrigation District, they wrote, <strong>\u201cis irrigated entirely by gravity and would have no use for power in connection with its irrigation system.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <p>That was not true of the rest of the Project. The smaller districts \u2014 <strong>Enterprise, Pine Grove, Sunnyside and Horsefly<\/strong> \u2014 could only be served by lifting water, and it is for them that the 1917 Copco contract carried its unusual clause: power for irrigation pumping, anywhere within twenty-five miles of Merrill, at <strong>seven mills per kilowatt hour<\/strong>. The districts that needed pumps got the cheap power, and in 1924 the government's own counsel thought the rate so low that no district would rationally build its own generation instead.<\/p>\n\n    <p>\u201cPumping division\u201d is not District shorthand. It is Reclamation's own term. The Bureau's <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1AhRVXsb_lK3pw_x9QJDcFdQhWnT_-JDD\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1936 booklet on the Klamath Federal Reclamation Project<\/a> describes water being diverted from the east side of Link River into the \u201cA\u201d Canal \u2014 several hundred feet below the lake and a few hundred feet above Link River Dam \u2014 and carrying <strong>\u201cwater for all lands in the main and pumping divisions\u201d<\/strong> as well as part of the Tule Lake division. One headworks, three divisions, one canal.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The pumping districts have a date, and it is <strong>February 27, 1917<\/strong>. On that day a board of engineers \u2014 D. C. Henny as consulting engineer, D. W. Cole as senior engineer, and Project Manager J. G. Camp \u2014 reported on the Project and recommended that units proposing to pump from the Project canals be charged <strong>$15.00 an acre<\/strong> for works already built, on top of the cost of any enlargement needed to serve them. The Department approved it. A further <strong>dollar an acre<\/strong> was added for units discharging waste and seepage into the Project drains. Reclamation's 1953 accounting records that <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1pAa42aRP9mzECCFua1kizb-F1X0UpvTU\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first of five contracts was signed with those districts in 1917<\/a>, and that more perimeter land came in the same way over the following twenty-five years.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Two years later, in March 1919, Assistant Engineer E. C. Koppen <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1amalCKIuk2jkzxL6iu9h6oNyv0YTlFe1\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set out the whole scheme<\/a>. Sixteen pumping units were contemplated, covering <strong>23,610 acres<\/strong>, every one of them lifting off a Project canal: Enterprise at a seventy-foot lift, Pine Grove at thirty, Stukel Mountain, Sand Hollow \u2014 which by then had reorganized as <strong>Shasta View<\/strong> \u2014 Bloody Point, Manning Ridge, White Lake, Miller Hill and South Miller Hill, Spring Lake, North and South Poe, Nuss Lake. Only 4,100 of those acres drew from the Main and \u201cB\u201d Canals; the other 19,510 came off the rest. Enterprise and Pine Grove needed no enlargement at all, so their charge was the flat sixteen dollars.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The pumping districts are not separate systems. They are lifts off this District's canals, and have been since before most of them were formally organized.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Koppen also recorded what the water was doing on the ground. Deliveries to farms on the Klamath Project ran <strong>1.26 acre-feet per acre in 1914<\/strong>, 1.13 in 1915, 1.02 in 1916 and <strong>0.975 in 1917<\/strong> \u2014 falling year on year as the system tightened.<\/p>\n\n    <p>That is the moment this District stopped being one system among several and became the system the others hang from. <strong>The first of the five contracts was with Enterprise<\/strong>, and it set the pattern: a separate district, with its own boundary, its own board and its own assessment, taking its water <em>through Klamath Irrigation District works<\/em> and paying a share of what those works had cost. Pine Grove followed on the same terms. Fourteen more units were contemplated behind them.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Every arrangement that came afterwards was built on that shape. The Warren Act contractors, the districts formed later, the individual landowners with their own contracts \u2014 all of them reach their water down canals this District operates. By the time the <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/14-06-200-3784-1954-11-29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1954 contract<\/a> transferred the care, operation and maintenance of the Transferred Works, it was not handing over a district's own plumbing. <strong>It was handing over the artery of the Project's Oregon side, and the responsibility for everyone drawing off it.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <p>That is what makes the title question consequential rather than administrative. The body that would take title is already the body that operates the works, maintains them out of its patrons' assessments, and carries the obligation to everybody the works serve. <strong>The responsibility transferred in 1955. Only the deed did not.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <p>The District's own pumped lands came later. Under Article 4 of the 1954 contract the United States transferred to this District, along with the canals and drains, the <strong>Adams and Miller Hill pumping plants<\/strong> \u2014 and the District has operated, maintained and paid for them ever since, out of the same assessments that carry the gravity system.<\/p>\n\n    <p>What the gravity system became, in the end, is the artery for a good deal more than this District. Water reaches the <strong>Enterprise, Pine Grove, Sunnyside, Malin and Shasta View<\/strong> districts, the <strong>Klamath Basin Improvement District<\/strong>, the <strong>Van Brimmer Ditch Company<\/strong> and roughly a hundred individual Warren Act contractors through Klamath Irrigation District works \u2014 carried, in most cases, down canals the District operates and maintains at its own patrons' expense. When this District is shut off, they are shut off with it.<\/p>\n\n    <p>So the Main Division was built and delivering within five or six years of the first shovel. What came afterwards was extension rather than construction \u2014 the Second Unit laterals from 1912, and in <strong>1913<\/strong> local farmers, working under the Reclamation Service, expanding the old Adams canal into today's D Canal. The rest of the Klamath Project went on being built for another twenty-eight years. <strong>The part this District operates was finished in five, and the District has run it ever since.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <p>Congress changed the terms of the work in <strong>1911<\/strong>. The <strong>Warren Act<\/strong> authorized the United States to contract for the delivery of surplus Project water to lands outside a project's boundaries \u2014 and Warren Act contracts entered in this Basin are still in force. They are also a recurring source of confusion, because a contract can carry its own order of delivery, and that is a different thing from a water right priority under Oregon law. The State of Oregon has determined which one governs.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__note kid-hist__note--inline\"><a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/warren-act-of-1911\/\">Read the annotated Warren Act of 1911 page<\/a> \u2014 what each contract actually promises, how a delivery contract differs from a settlement, and what the State of Oregon determined about all of them.<\/p>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-district\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">1917 \u2013 1922<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-district\">The District, and the dam<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Oregon passed the enabling law in November 1917, allowing irrigation districts to take on contracts with the federal government. The Association's directors put the question to a vote, and the <strong>Klamath Irrigation District<\/strong> was created, encompassing 68,652 acres \u2014 established, in the words of its own <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/KID-Bylaws-Amended-August-14-2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bylaws<\/a>, by an <strong>\u201cOrder Declaring Result of Election\u201d entered in the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon for the County of Klamath<\/strong>. <strong>The District began work on 18 December 1917<\/strong>, the day its directors qualified and organized. The following day, three of the Association's own board members \u2014 <strong>G. W. Offield<\/strong> as chair, <strong>J. M. Ezell<\/strong> and <strong>A. L. Marshall<\/strong> \u2014 were elected its first directors, with Albert E. Elder as secretary. The same men, the same ground, a new legal body built for one purpose: to carry the 1905 contract. On <strong>July 6, 1918<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Ilr-173-1918-07-06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Contract Ilr-173<\/a> carried the repayment obligation from the Association to the District. Same families, same debt, new name on the paperwork.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1s343tpr6SfpsUbFEMXOCTUGFXkJDUPRw\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first minute of the Klamath Irrigation District<\/a> records what happened next, and it is worth reading closely. On <strong>18 December 1917<\/strong> the directors-elect \u2014 <strong>G. W. Offield, J. M. Ezell and A. L. Marshall<\/strong> \u2014 filed bonds of five thousand dollars each with the County Clerk, approved beforehand by the County Court; took and subscribed the oath of office; filed that too; and then met at three o'clock that afternoon in the office of <strong>Albert E. Elder<\/strong> in Klamath Falls and proceeded to organize. Offield took the chair and was elected President. Elder was elected Secretary.<\/p>\n\n    <p>They then transacted three items of business. Two were bills: forty-five dollars to Arthur Wilson for the directors' bonds, and <strong>$1,010.75 to the <em>Klamath Record<\/em><\/strong> for publishing the petition, the notice of organization and the notice of election, and for the poll books and election supplies. The third was this:<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\">Minutes of the Board of Directors, Klamath Irrigation District, 18 December 1917<\/p>\n      <p>\u201cThe Secretary was authorized to take up with the Interior Department the question of securing a contract with said department <strong>looking to the assumption by the district of federal charges against district lands<\/strong>.\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>That is the <strong>first substantive act of this District<\/strong>, taken within hours of its directors being sworn: instructing its Secretary to go to Washington and take on the debt. Contract Ilr-173 followed seven months later. The Board then adjourned to meet again on 2 January 1918.<\/p>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">What the District is<\/h3>\n\n    <p><strong>Klamath Irrigation District is a unit of local government.<\/strong> Not a company, not a federal contractor, not a utility. It is a <strong>municipal corporation<\/strong> formed under Oregon's Irrigation District Law and governed by <strong>ORS Chapter 545<\/strong> and its own adopted bylaws \u2014 the same body of law that governs a port district or a school district. It has no shareholders and pays no dividends. Nobody takes a margin.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"kid-hist__facts\">\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">1917<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">Directors sworn and organized, 18 December<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">ORS 545<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">The law it is organized and operates under<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">59,850<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">Acres within the exterior boundary<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">53,638<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">Irrigated acres<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">5,134<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">Individual patron accounts<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">5,400+<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">Parcels served<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">200 mi<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">Canals operated and maintained<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">200+ mi<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">Drains operated and maintained<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">298,000<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">Acre-feet average net supply, 1991\u20132000<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">193,000<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">Acre-feet delivered to farms<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">61,000<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">Acre-feet returned as lateral tail water<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kid-hist__fact\"><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-n\">0<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__fact-l\">Federal dollars in its annual operating budget<\/span><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__source\">Boundary, acreage and account figures from the District's <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1jn126FrebHNfJnLvWXcPJ3jX2mIjRAFb\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Management and Conservation Plan<\/a>; supply and delivery from its Appendix A.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Its Board is five members, one elected from each of the District's five divisions. Its revenue is assessments levied on the land served, and all of it goes back into the works. <strong>The vote attaches to land, not to residence<\/strong>, and it is weighted by acreage \u2014 which is what an irrigation district is, and why it is not a city.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Three instruments define what it may do and must do: <strong>ORS Chapter 545<\/strong>; <strong>Contract Ilr-173 of 6 July 1918<\/strong>, which took over the Association's 1905 contract and made this District the party the United States deals with; and <strong>Contract 14-06-200-3784<\/strong>, effective 1 January 1955, which transferred the care, operation and maintenance of the works and set out how title would follow.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/district-governance-accountability\/governance\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">District Governance<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">How the Board is elected and governed \u00b7 who may serve \u00b7 who votes and how votes are weighted \u00b7 vacancies, officers, and how the District is run day to day \u2014 with the statutes and bylaws behind each<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>None of that makes the District a party to a transaction. <strong>It is not a customer buying water from the United States, and it is not a vendor delivering water for a fee.<\/strong> It is the legal successor to the Association the landowners incorporated in 1905 to build this Project and pay for it \u2014 carrying the same obligation, to the same ground, under a different name.<\/p>\n\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">The election<\/h3>\n\n    <p>The vote that created this District was reported on <a href=\"https:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/sn99063812\/1917-12-11\/ed-1\/seq-1\/ocr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the front page of the <em>Evening Herald<\/em> on Tuesday 11 December 1917<\/a>, under the headline <strong>\u201cKlamath Irrigation District Is Formed.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\"><em>The Evening Herald<\/em>, Klamath Falls \u2014 official newspaper of Klamath County \u2014 11 December 1917<\/p>\n      <p>\u201cWith a total opposition of <strong>five votes out of 169 cast at the election Saturday<\/strong>, the Klamath Water Users voted to change from a water users association to the Klamath Irrigation District, taking advantage of laws recently passed in the state legislature, and following the example of a large per cent of water users on other reclamation projects\u2026 The results of the election were announced this morning.\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>So the sequence is now complete. <strong>The election was held on Saturday 8 December 1917<\/strong>; the Circuit Court entered its order on <strong>Monday the 10th<\/strong>; the result was published on <strong>Tuesday the 11th<\/strong>; and the three directors qualified, were sworn, and organised in Albert E. Elder's office on <strong>Tuesday the 18th<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__pull\">\n      <p><strong>One hundred and sixty-four votes for, five against.<\/strong> Twelve years after the Association was carried 8,598 to nothing, its successor was created by almost the same margin.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">And why they did it \u2014 the reason is not what you would guess<\/h3>\n\n    <p>The paper sets out the case the Reclamation Service itself was making for the change, and the second reason is the one that matters:<\/p>\n\n    <ul class=\"kid-hist__ditches\">\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">Everyone pays<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Under a district, <em>\u201call lands included in a project are forced to bear a part of the expenses, thus forcing development and reducing speculative investment.\u201d<\/em> No more sitting on dry ground waiting for the value to rise.<\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">And the farmers could borrow again<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Farmers would <em>\u201cbe able to take advantage of the federal loan system, <strong>impossible now because their lands are held by a first mortgage to the government until the water rights are paid<\/strong>.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n\n    <p><strong>That is the whole story of the liens, told from the other end.<\/strong> Every subscription to the Association was a first mortgage running to the United States, and for as long as it stood, no shareholder in this Basin could raise a federal farm loan against his own land. Forming the District was how they got out from under it \u2014 which is why <strong>Article 2 of Contract Ilr-173<\/strong>, signed seven months later, required those liens to be <em>\u201cdischarged of record,\u201d<\/em> and why the <strong>Releases of Lien of 1919<\/strong> exist at all.<\/p>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">And what Washington was being asked for that same week<\/h3>\n\n    <p>Five days after the election, the <a href=\"https:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/sn85042399\/1917-12-13\/ed-1\/seq-3\/ocr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Ashland Tidings<\/em><\/a> printed a telegram that Representative <strong>N. J. Sinnott<\/strong> had sent to the Klamath Falls Commercial Club. It sets the scale of what the District was taking on.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\">Representative Sinnott to the Klamath Falls Commercial Club, <em>Ashland Tidings<\/em>, 13 December 1917<\/p>\n      <p>\u201cEstimates of the reclamation service and recommendations to congress for the fiscal year beginning next June for the Klamath project are <strong>$423,000. This is an increase of $184,000 over the appropriation this year.<\/strong> I shall make every effort to have congress approve these estimates.<br><br>Estimates have also been made for <strong>$200,000 for the purchase of live stock, homes, barns and agricultural equipment on the Klamath reservation.<\/strong> Will try to have this increased.\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>The second paragraph is worth reading as carefully as the first. In the same message, in the same week, this Basin's congressman was pressing for construction money for the Project <em>and<\/em> for a programme \u2014 begun by <strong>Edward B. Ashurst<\/strong> and others \u2014 to give each family on the Klamath Reservation in reduced circumstances <strong>ten head of cattle and a year's maintenance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__pull\">\n      <p>Four hundred and twenty-three thousand dollars for the Project; two hundred thousand for the Reservation. <strong>Both requests travelled to Washington in the same telegram, in the week this District was formed.<\/strong><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__note\">Two names from the District's story appear elsewhere in the same issue. <span class=\"kid-hist__name\">P. L. Fountain<\/span> \u2014 the Association's founding Vice-President \u2014 and <strong>Wm. M. Cheyne<\/strong> were both sitting on a Circuit Court jury that week. And that evening <span class=\"kid-hist__name\">Albert E. Elder<\/span>, in whose office the District would organise seven days later, was elected secretary of Klamath Lodge No. 77.<\/p>\n  <\/section>\n  <p class=\"kid-hist__part\">Part three \u00b7 Conflict, and the transfer<\/p>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-conflict\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">1923 \u2013 1953<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-conflict\">Transfer recommended at an early date<\/h2>\n\n    <p>In February 1924 the District Counsel of the Reclamation Service, having spent a fortnight in Klamath Falls investigating a petition against this District's Board, reported to the Secretary of the Interior that encouragement should be extended to Klamath Irrigation District to assume the operation and maintenance of the Main Division \u2014 and that steps toward it <strong>\u201cshould be taken at an early date.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <p>That is the first recorded federal recommendation that this District take over the works it had paid for. <strong>The contract was signed thirty-one years later.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">And the District did not wait to be asked twice<\/h3>\n\n    <p>Thirteen months later, on <strong>31 March 1925<\/strong>, the Board of Klamath Irrigation District sent <a href=\"%s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own draft contract<\/a> to R. J. Coffee, District Counsel of the Reclamation Service at Berkeley. The covering letter, over the signature of Secretary <strong>A. M. Thomas<\/strong>, is four sentences long:<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\">Klamath Irrigation District to the District Counsel, U.S. Reclamation Service, 31 March 1925<\/p>\n      <p>\u201cI am instructed by the Board of Directors of the Klamath Irrigation District to hand you herewith <strong>the Board's draft of a contract which they would be willing to accept and put in operation when the Project lands, buildings, tools and the like, embraced in the District, are turned over to the District<\/strong>\u2026 If you will, pursuant to our arrangement when you were here, exchange with us by letting us have a copy or copies of your draft, we will consider it a favor.\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p><strong>They did not wait for the government to write it. They wrote it themselves and asked to trade drafts.<\/strong> It runs to eleven pages and twenty-five articles, and it is recognisably the contract that was signed twenty-nine years later \u2014 the District taking over the main canal, laterals, distribution and drainage systems at its own cost; assessing and collecting under Oregon law; keeping records of water deliveries and crops; free access to the project books both ways.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Four things in it are worth reading now.<\/p>\n\n    <ul class=\"kid-hist__ditches\">\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">The District is named successor to the Association<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">The recitals describe the District as <strong>\u201cthe successor in title and interest, entitled to all the rights and properties belonging to or which belonged to the Klamath Water User's Association at any time prior hereto.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">Turnover is stated as the end of the arrangement<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Article 19: the contract <strong>\u201cshall remain in effect until the project is turned over to this organization, which, according to law, is ultimately to succeed to the interests of the United States.\u201d<\/strong> Not a hope. A term of the draft.<\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">The twenty dollars, again<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Article 25 calls for a new allocation of costs <strong>\u201cin accordance with the original contract with the Klamath Water Users' Association, November 3, 1905\u2026 which contemplated a construction cost of $20.00.\u201d<\/strong> Twenty-one years after Newell said it, the District was still drafting it into federal contracts.<\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">Irrigation before power<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">All lands in the original Project <strong>\u201cshall have the first right to and call upon the waters of Upper Klamath Lake and its tributaries before the same is used for power or other purposes than irrigation\u201d<\/strong> \u2014 drafted two years after the Ankeny and Keno canals went to the power company. And the Secretary was to agree a minimum lake level of <strong>4,140 feet<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n\n    <p>Twelve existing contracts were listed for the District to assume \u2014 Pine Grove, Enterprise, Sunnyside, Malin, Shasta View, Van Brimmer, Klamath Drainage District, Upper Van Brimmer, and two with J. W. Siemens. <strong>That list is the ancestor of Exhibit \u201cA\u201d to the 1954 contract.<\/strong> The District was already proposing, in 1925, to carry the districts it still carries today.<\/p>\n\n    <p>What filled the rest of those thirty-one years was negotiation. The obstacle was never whether the District could run the system \u2014 Reclamation's own counsel had said in 1924 that it should \u2014 but on what terms, at what cost, and with what happening to title. Two years' operation and maintenance could not be paid in one, so a mechanism had to be found; other districts and individuals took water through the same works and their positions had to be protected; the reserved works, which the United States meant to keep operating, had to be separated from the transferred works, which it did not. Stoutemyer and Dent had foreseen all of it in 1924 and declined to work it out: <em>\u201cWe do not consider it advisable to enter at this time into a discussion of the details which this would involve.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n    <p>The Association had already gone. Its meetings were curtailed shortly after its contracts passed to the District in 1918, and on <strong>6 April 1929<\/strong> it appointed a secretary to wind up its unfinished business. The body that had guaranteed the Project ceased to exist twenty-six years before the works were handed over.<\/p>\n\n    <p>What came out of the negotiations, in the end, was not just an operations contract. It was a <strong>procedure<\/strong>. Contract 14-06-200-3784 transferred the care, operation and maintenance of the works \u2014 and then set out, in Articles 4, 5 and 35, exactly how title would follow and how the arrangement would end. The District has been performing that procedure ever since.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__note\">A second dispute ran through the same years and is often confused with this one: the sale of the Ankeny and Keno canals to the power company, which the districts fought and delayed for four years. It belongs with the dams and is told there \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/keno-dam\/\">Keno, the reefs and the dam<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/link-river-dam\/\">Link River, the reef and the dam<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__note\">On the Association and its wind-up, see <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/kwua-of-1905\/\">The Klamath Water Users Association of 1905<\/a>.<\/p>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-transfer\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">1954 \u2013 1965<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-transfer\">Transfer, and paid in full<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Contract 14-06-200-3784, effective <strong>January 1, 1955<\/strong>, handed this District the care, operation and maintenance of the Transferred Works \u2014 the \u201cA\u201d through \u201cG\u201d Canals, the C-G Cutoff, the drainage system, the structures and the Adams and Miller Hill pumping plants. Article 4 says title remains in the United States, <em>\u201cexcept as provided in Article 5\u201d<\/em>; Article 5 says title <em>shall<\/em> vest in the District whenever and to the extent the law allows. Article 35 sets out how the arrangement ends.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Reclamation's own counsel had recommended exactly this thirty-one years earlier. In February 1924, District Counsel Stoutemyer and Dent reported to the Secretary that encouragement should be extended to Klamath Irrigation District to assume the operation and maintenance of the Main Division, and that steps towards it should be taken at an early date.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">What actually changed hands<\/h3>\n\n    <p>The contract was signed on 29 November 1954. <strong>The works changed hands on 31 December 1954<\/strong>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1fCDMWI1xJNnwsygYE0ilovlRNSNrIuRQ\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regional Director's accounting of 2 February 1955<\/a> shows what the transfer consisted of in practice.<\/p>\n\n    <ul class=\"kid-hist__ditches\">\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">$24,239.05<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Unexpended balance of the District's own advanced operation and maintenance funds, refundable to its reserve account under Article 24.<\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">$9,102.59<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Book value of unused materials and supplies bought with those advances.<\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">$7,463.26<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Undepreciated value of equipment bought with them.<\/span><\/li>\n      <li><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-name\">$12,756.82<\/span><span class=\"kid-hist__ditch-note\">Credit due from the other water users, to be set against sums owed the District for services it would now perform for them.<\/span><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n\n    <p>Every dollar of it was the districts' own money coming back. <strong>And the last line describes what this District had just become.<\/strong> Reclamation's own project manager put it plainly in a memorandum that March, explaining why so much copying was needed:<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\">Project Manager to Regional Director, 9 March 1955<\/p>\n      <p>\u201c\u2026the complex operating and financial relationships which result from <strong>the Klamath Irrigation District becoming not only a distributor of water to its own landowners but also the agent of the Bureau in carrying water to other districts and to individual contractors outside of its boundaries.<\/strong>\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>The schedules attached to that file name them one by one \u2014 <strong>roughly a hundred individual Warren Act contractors<\/strong> by contract number and acreage, from Ilr-143 to 18r-1088, and dozens of water-rental holders including the Oregon Game Commission. <strong>From the first day of 1955 this District has carried water for people who are not its patrons, and billed and accounted for every acre of it.<\/strong> That is Article 13, and it is still what the District does.<\/p>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-paid\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">1966 \u2013 1987<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-paid\">The title that never followed<\/h2>\n\n    <p>The District operated the works and paid the debt. On <strong>May 4, 1965<\/strong> the last construction charge cleared, and the Secretary of the Interior confirmed it in writing in 1980, with Reclamation confirming again in 1985.<\/p>\n\n    <p>What that cost, and who carried it, is set out separately \u2014 because the numbers are Reclamation's own and they deserve to be read without a century of narrative around them.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/kwua-of-1905\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">The Klamath Water Users Association of 1905<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The bargain the landowners signed, and the body this District succeeded<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/who-paid-for-the-project\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Who Paid for the Project \u2014 the People Behind the Project<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Thirteen million invested, three hundred million grown, and the families who carried the debt across three generations<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>The debt was paid. The title did not follow. From 1960 the District pressed for transfer of the reserved works; in <strong>August 1969<\/strong> Reclamation posted five copies of a draft contract with an October deadline, and not one was ever signed. Four districts wrote jointly to Secretary Cecil Andrus in <strong>December 1977<\/strong>. Discussions ran to 1981 and stopped.<\/p>\n\n    <p>In <strong>June 2021<\/strong> the District formally requested title to the Transferred Works under the Dingell Act. The request has been pending more than five years.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">How the town heard about it<\/h3>\n\n    <p>Every account of the 1954 transfer on this page comes from a federal file or a billing ledger. <a href=\"https:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/sn99063813\/1954-12-08\/ed-1\/seq-1\/ocr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Here is how it reached the people it happened to<\/a> \u2014 the front page of the <em>Herald and News<\/em>, Wednesday <strong>8 December 1954<\/strong>, nine days after the contract was signed and three weeks before the works changed hands.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\"><em>Herald and News<\/em>, Klamath Falls, 8 December 1954 \u2014 \u201cFormer USBR Engineer To Direct KID\u201d<\/p>\n      <p>\u201cSince its inception in 1917, the Klamath Irrigation District, serving the rich southern Oregon region through a <strong>320-mile system of water distribution laterals<\/strong>, plus pumping and hydro plants, has been <strong>under continuous government management<\/strong>. Through a new agreement recently voted on by the water users, <strong>the district is assuming its own engineering, operation and management responsibilities.<\/strong>\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>Two things in that sentence are worth holding onto. <strong>Thirty-seven years of continuous federal management<\/strong> \u2014 from the District's formation in 1917 to the end of 1954. And the transfer was not imposed: it came through <strong>an agreement the water users themselves voted on<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">And who they hired to run it<\/h3>\n\n    <p>The same story announces the District's first manager. <strong>E. M. Hammond<\/strong>, president of the board, named <span class=\"kid-hist__name\">L. E. Cramer<\/span> to take charge \u2014 <em>\u201csalary was not revealed.\u201d<\/em> Cramer was <strong>the Bureau of Reclamation's former acting construction engineer at Friant, California<\/strong>, with more than twenty years of federal service behind him.<\/p>\n\n    <p>He had been the last of the engineers the government sent to the San Joaquin Valley to plan, build and start up <strong>a hundred million dollars' worth of Central Valley Project dams, canals and distribution systems<\/strong>. Before that, as Hammond told the paper, he had held administrative engineering posts on <strong>Hoover Dam, the All-American Canal and Shasta Dam<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__pull\">\n      <p>The first man this District hired to operate the works after the United States handed them over <strong>had spent his whole career building the works of the United States.<\/strong><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__note\">Cramer's family was still in Fresno when the story ran; they would follow <em>\u201cas soon as housing arrangements can be completed.\u201d<\/em> He appears through the District's 1955 billing correspondence as General Manager, arguing the government's own estimates down and making it itemise its charges.<\/p>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <p class=\"kid-hist__part\">Part four \u00b7 The Endangered Species Act<\/p>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-esa\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">1988 \u2013 2000<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-esa\">The Endangered Species Act<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Nothing in the first eighty years of this Project prepared anyone for what changed next, and it did not change through a contract, a court or an act of Congress about water. It changed through a wildlife statute.<\/p>\n\n    <p>On <strong>July 18, 1988<\/strong>, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the <strong>Lost River sucker<\/strong> and the <strong>shortnose sucker<\/strong> as endangered. In the Klamath and Modoc languages these fish are the <strong>c'waam<\/strong> and the <strong>koptu<\/strong>, and they are sacred to the Klamath Tribes. They spawn in Upper Klamath Lake and the rivers that feed it \u2014 the same lake the Project stores water in. Nine years later, on <strong>May 6, 1997<\/strong>, the National Marine Fisheries Service listed <strong>Southern Oregon \/ Northern California Coast coho salmon<\/strong> as threatened, and the Klamath River below the Project came under the same statute from the other direction.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The effect was structural rather than dramatic. Two listed fish above the Project and one below it meant that every year, before a drop moved, Reclamation had to consult under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act on whether operating the Project would jeopardize them. Lake elevations and river flows became the terms in which the Project was managed. The 1954 contract still said what it said. So did the adjudicated water rights. But a third document had entered the room, and it was written by an agency the District had never contracted with.<\/p>\n\n    <p>What that has meant year by year \u2014 the biological opinions, the consultations, the lake elevations and river flows, and where the current consultation stands \u2014 is a subject in its own right, and the District keeps it current rather than frozen in a history page.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/endangered-species-act\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">The Endangered Species Act and the Klamath Project<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The District's account of the listed species, Section 7 consultation, and what the statute does and does not require of Reclamation<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/endangered-species-act\/esa-dashboard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Section 7 Dashboard<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The consultation record, opinion by opinion, kept up to date \u00b7 jeopardy, reasonable and prudent alternatives, incidental take, and the questions still open<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-modern\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">2001 \u2013 present<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-modern\">Constant conflict<\/h2>\n\n    <p>The modern history of this Basin is harder, and it is not finished. In <strong>2001<\/strong>, water deliveries to the Project were curtailed during drought under the Endangered Species Act, and the consequences reached every community here. In <strong>2021<\/strong>, deliveries through the \u201cA\u201d Canal were curtailed again. Between those two years, the Basin lost farms, lost families, and lost a great deal of trust on every side of the water.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The four lower Klamath River dams have since been removed \u2014 the largest dam removal and river restoration effort undertaken in this country. The Basin the District operates in today is not the Basin of 1917, or of 2001.<\/p>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">The adjudication, and what it settled<\/h3>\n\n    <p>Oregon opened the Klamath Basin Adjudication to determine, once and for all, who holds which water rights in this Basin and in what order of priority. It took decades of claims, testimony and evidence. The result is the <strong>Corrected Partial Order of Determination<\/strong> \u2014 the ACFFOD \u2014 and it settled two things that matter to every patron of this District.<\/p>\n\n    <p><strong>First: the United States holds a storage right.<\/strong> The Order recognized the federal claim to store water in Upper Klamath Lake \u2014 up to 486,830 acre-feet of active storage within a total capacity of 629,870 acre-feet \u2014 and grounded it in the May 19, 1905 Notice of Appropriation and the construction of Link River Dam.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__note\">On how that storage right is regulated in practice, see the Oregon Water Resources Department's <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1pqd1WYaJvxBkLGRMZb_hpVZbaDmmDWCM\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">determination on releases of water stored under Determined Claim KA 294<\/a> (July 28, 2021).<\/p>\n\n    <p><strong>Second: the right to use the water is held by the people who put it on the ground.<\/strong> The Order is explicit that the right of beneficial use in the Project belongs to the beneficial users, and that this applies to live flow and stored water alike. A storage right is a right to hold water. It is not a right to decide who farms with it.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The State also determined the District's own senior right, and named its holder:<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__pull\">\n      <p>CLAIM KA-1004 \u00b7 CONSOLIDATED CLAIM 321-9<br>\n      CLAIMANT: <strong>KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT<\/strong><br>\n      DATE OF PRIORITY: <strong>MARCH 21, 1884<\/strong><br>\n      RATE OF USE: <strong>49.0 CFS<\/strong>, measured at the \u201cA\u201d Canal and at Station 48<br>\n      PURPOSE: IRRIGATION OF <strong>1,799 ACRES<\/strong> within a place of use of 2,036.5 acres<br>\n      PERIOD OF ALLOWED USE: MARCH 1 \u2013 OCTOBER 31<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__caption\">A right that traces to William Steele's ditch, still held by the District today.<\/p>\n\n    <p>And the State was explicit about what the 1906 deed did and did not carry. The canal company, it found, conveyed its interest as the developer of the canal and the distributor of the water:<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__pull\">\n      <p>\u201cIt did not own, however, and therefore <strong>could not convey, the interest in the right for purposes of beneficial use<\/strong>. These interests remain appurtenant to the place of use\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__caption\">A ditch can be sold. The right to use the water stayed with the land.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The Oregon Supreme Court said the same thing in its own words when the question reached it in <strong>2010<\/strong>: under Oregon law, the water right became appurtenant to the land once the persons taking water from the Klamath Project applied it to their land and put it to beneficial use.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The adjudication also answered a question that still causes confusion in this Basin. Lands served under Warren Act contracts had claimed water rights on the strength of those contracts. The order denied that: the Warren Act contracts conveyed no separate right. They were entered under 43 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 523\u2013525, by which the United States promised delivery in return for payment and annual fees, and the contracts' own recital says the contractor proposes to irrigate by utilizing Klamath Project water rights. Those lands were not left out \u2014 they hold a right on the Project's own May 19, 1905 priority, inside the consolidated Project claim. But their contracts govern <em>delivery<\/em>, not <em>priority<\/em>. As the order puts it, a contractual system for dividing water among users within a place of use has no bearing on the priority date for that place of use; priority is established under state law.<\/p>\n\n    <p>A third instrument is different again from both. In November 1909 the Van Brimmer Ditch Company gave up its riparian claims on Lower Klamath Lake, and the United States undertook to deliver fifty second-feet from the Project instead. That is a <strong>settlement<\/strong> \u2014 an exchange of one claim for a delivery obligation \u2014 and not a Warren Act contract at all. A water right, a delivery contract, and a settlement of a claim are three different things, and they are routinely spoken of as though they were one.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__note\">A water right, a delivery contract and a settlement are three different instruments, and the difference between them is worked through document by document on the District's <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/warren-act-of-1911\/\">Warren Act of 1911<\/a> page, which sets out what the adjudication determined, what each contract actually promises, and where the delivery order is written.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__note\">The Endangered Species Act side of this story \u2014 the biological opinions, the consultations and the litigation over them \u2014 is set out on the District's <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/endangered-species-act\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Endangered Species Act<\/a> pages and tracked on the <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/endangered-species-act\/esa-dashboard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Section 7 Dashboard<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">What \u201cappurtenant\u201d means, and why it decides everything<\/h3>\n\n    <p>One word does more work in this history than any other, and it is worth setting out plainly. <strong>The State of Oregon settled the question in the Klamath Basin Adjudication<\/strong>, and the words there are the words to use.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\">Amended and Corrected Findings of Fact and Order of Determination, Klamath Basin Adjudication<\/p>\n      <p>\u201c<strong>Water rights are appurtenant to land: they are attached to and travel with the land.<\/strong>\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>Under Oregon law a water right arises through <strong>the application of water to beneficial use<\/strong>, and the beneficial user \u2014 the person who actually puts the water on the ground \u2014 holds an interest in the right <strong>\u201cfor the purpose of beneficial use.\u201d<\/strong> The state's transfer statute says the same thing from the other direction: all water used in Oregon <strong>remains appurtenant to the premises upon which it is used<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n    <p>That is not a slogan and it is not this District's construction of anything. <strong>It is a determination<\/strong> \u2014 and it is why the District's mission reads the way it does: to acquire, maintain, assure and deliver an adequate water supply <em>for beneficial use on qualified land<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__pull\">\n      <p>The works can change hands. <strong>The interest for the purpose of beneficial use was never the District's to give.<\/strong><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>And the founders wrote the same rule into their own by-laws in 1905, a hundred and nine years before the adjudication reached it. <strong>Article I, Section 7<\/strong> of the Association's By-Laws made every right to water <em>\u201cforever inseparably appurtenant\u201d<\/em> to the described ground; <strong>Section 9<\/strong> made any attempt to transfer shares without the land <em>\u201cof no force or effect for any purpose.\u201d<\/em> And by the agreement of 5 August 1905 those by-laws were made <strong>a term of the contract with the United States<\/strong>. The full chain is set out on the <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/kwua-of-1905\/\">Klamath Water Users Association<\/a> page.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">The dams come off, and Congress acts<\/h3>\n\n    <p>Four dams on the lower Klamath were removed in 2023 and 2024, the largest dam removal in the history of the United States. Two remain above them \u2014 <strong>Link River<\/strong> and <strong>Keno<\/strong> \u2014 and both passed from PacifiCorp to the Bureau of Reclamation, which left an obvious question: who pays to run two dams that no longer generate power?<\/p>\n\n    <p>The answer had been written down in 2016 and was unenforceable for nine years. On <strong>January 4, 2025<\/strong>, Public Law 118-246 made it binding, and <strong>Klamath Project water users no longer bear the costs of either dam<\/strong>. The Agreement it enforces also draws a line around reintroduction that this District should be quoting more often than it does.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/link-river-dam\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Link River, the reef and the dam<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Yulalona, the headworks of the \u201cA\u201d Canal, the storage that arrived forty-four years late \u2014 and the exact words of Attachment A<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/keno-dam\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Keno, the reefs and the dam<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The reefs that made this Basin, the canal the United States sold in 1923, and who pays for the dam today<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/tulelake\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Tulelake, Tule Lake, Rhett Lake and the National Wildlife Refuge<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Where the 2016 Agreement excludes salmon, steelhead and lamprey reintroduction by name<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">Where it stands<\/h3>\n\n    <p>What has not changed is the arrangement the District was built on. The families here dug the first ditches. They incorporated to build the Project and guaranteed its cost before a shovel moved. They paid that cost across three generations and cleared it in 1965. They have operated and maintained these works out of their own assessments since 1955, and they pay the full cost of running a dam the United States owns. They were told at the outset that the Project would be turned over to them, and they have been asking for that ever since \u2014 in 1924, in 1969, in 1977, and in the request that sits pending today.<\/p>\n\n    <p>That record has been tested. The District petitioned the Ninth Circuit for a writ of mandamus and the <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1sm7twUB9yqpnAr8hmVFZpvNaxoGo1txx\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">court issued its decision<\/a>; the <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Iyx9HUkU2W2m8UyKqFHRbqESyyIu7pC5\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon Court of Appeals ruled in 2022<\/a>; the Oregon Water Resources Department filed <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1IIG8cpVN4uNwVg8EgRkqoLqOX1jG50PR\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a counterclaim against the United States<\/a> over the same water; and the questions reached the Supreme Court on a <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1_E_k1uKk8kOjCdezzAD9cLwx-y84W-AW\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">petition for certiorari<\/a>. The full file is deeper than this page; these are the doors into it.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The District's position in every forum rests on that record, and on Section 8 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usbr.gov\/power\/legislation\/reclact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reclamation Act<\/a>, which requires the United States to conform to state water law in the control, appropriation, use and distribution of water. It is not a claim to anything the District did not build, buy or pay for. It is a request that a hundred and twenty-one years of paying be recognized for what it was.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__note\">For what the adjudication means for water delivery today, see <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/irrigation\/\">Irrigation<\/a>. For the current record on Endangered Species Act consultation and the District's correspondence with the federal agencies, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/endangered-species-act\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Endangered Species Act<\/a> pages and the <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/resources\/administrative-record\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Administrative Record<\/a>, which carries the 2020 Solicitor's Opinion, the 2021 memoranda and reassessment, the 2021 withdrawal, the 2025 Burgum order, the <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/2025_05_14_ZurzanMemo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2025 Solicitor's memorandum<\/a> and Reclamation's current reassessment.<\/p>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">What the promise actually said, and where it is written<\/h3>\n\n    <p>The expectation that the works would come to the people who paid for them is not an inference drawn afterwards. <strong>It is a sentence of the Reclamation Act, and the United States wrote it into this District's own founding contract.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\">Reclamation Act of 17 June 1902, <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1UUqtwGU3kDMX0qq8odn-s68mxnrr9xer\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Section 6<\/a> \u2014 printed by the Association and handed to every landowner asked to sign<\/p>\n      <p>\u201c\u2026when the payments required by this Act are made for the major portion of the lands irrigated from the waters of any of the works herein provided for, then <strong>the management and operation of such irrigation works shall pass to the owners of the lands irrigated thereby<\/strong>\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__box\">\n      <p class=\"kid-hist__box-kicker\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1qWrsCHNWZaap8GewbdixmbtRlvwhLga9\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Contract Ilr-173<\/a>, 6 July 1918 \u2014 Article 6<\/p>\n      <p>\u201cThe United States will continue the operation and maintenance of the project\u2026 <strong>or until the payments required by the Reclamation Law are made for the major portion of the lands irrigated from the project works; then in the latter case the management and operation of said works shall pass to the District<\/strong> to be maintained at the cost of the District\u2026 <strong>pursuant to Section 6 of the Reclamation Act<\/strong>\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__pull\">\n      <p>The condition was payment. <strong>The payment was completed on 4 May 1965, three years early, and the District holds the receipt.<\/strong> Sixty-one years later the management and operation of the Transferred Works has still not passed.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <p class=\"kid-hist__part\">Part five \u00b7 The wider Project, and why this is here<\/p>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-project\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">Outside the timeline<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-project\">Beyond the District<\/h2>\n\n    <p>It is worth being careful about what \u201cbeyond the District\u201d means, because the boundary people picture today is not the one drawn in 1905. <strong>As the Project was conceived, this District ran from the first basalt reef on Link River down to the Carr Ranch in Modoc County, California, out to the Tule sumps and east into Poe Valley.<\/strong> One system, one set of works, one body of landowners guaranteeing the cost. The districts that exist now are subdivisions of that conception, made later and for reasons of cost and repayment rather than geography.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Some country was genuinely never part of it, and some was cut out. The Keno Canal ran down the west side \u2014 begun in 1906, finished in October 1908 at 635 second-feet, on the right-of-way of the Moore brothers' old sawmill canal. Langell and Yonna Valleys were excluded by Secretary Ballinger in February 1910 when the costs of serving them outran the estimates, and came back later under Warren Act contracts \u2014 which is where the Project's contractual priorities come from.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Flood control came next: the <strong>Lost River Diversion Channel and Dam<\/strong> between 1910 and 1912, cutting the Lost River through to the Klamath and ending the floods that had made Tule Lake unfarmable, with <strong>Clear Lake Dam<\/strong> completed upstream in 1910 and raised in 1939. The Tule Lake Division built out through the twenties: work on the <strong>J Canal<\/strong> and the Lower Lost River Diversion Dam \u2014 renamed <strong>Anderson-Rose<\/strong> at a public dedication in 1970 \u2014 began in 1921, the dam complete that December, the canal finished in 1926. In Langell Valley, the <strong>Malone Diversion Dam<\/strong> followed in 1923, the <strong>Miller Diversion Dam<\/strong> in 1924 and <strong>Gerber Dam<\/strong> on Miller Creek in 1925. The Lost River Diversion Channel was enlarged in 1931\u201332, and in 1932 a turnout and drop structure went in at <strong>Station 48<\/strong>, able to send Klamath water down the channel into the Lost River for delivery through the J Canal system.<\/p>\n\n    <p>The acreage climbed with the works \u2014 about 45,000 acres served directly through Project facilities in 1922, 62,250 in 1926, 82,235 in 1928, the year 180 miles of drainage channels were cut into Lost River and the Tule Lake Sump. The Depression slowed the large construction but not the farming: between 1930 and 1939 the acreage receiving water directly from Project facilities rose from roughly 83,456 to 102,444.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Four parts of that wider Project have grown large enough to need pages of their own.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/keno-dam\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Keno, the reefs and the dam<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The reefs that made this Basin, the canal the United States sold in 1923, and who pays for the dam today<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/lower-klamath-lake-national-wildlife-refuge\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Lower Klamath Lake and the National Wildlife Refuge<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The first waterfowl refuge in the United States, the cession that made the Project possible, and the gates that closed in 1917<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/tulelake\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Tulelake, Tule Lake, Rhett Lake and the National Wildlife Refuge<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The closed basin, the homestead openings, the camp, the refuge and a century of leases<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/link-river-dam\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Link River, the reef and the dam<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Yulalona, the headworks of the \u201cA\u201d Canal, and the storage that arrived forty-four years late<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-why\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">One more thing<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-why\">This page is not finished<\/h2>\n\n    <p>It is not meant to be. Nearly everything on it has been corrected at least once, and several things were corrected by people who knew better than the documents did. The date the first water ran was changed twice in a single afternoon because two federal engineers disagreed. The date this District was formed was changed because somebody read the first minute book.<\/p>\n\n    <p><strong>If you hold a letter, a photograph, a minute book, a plat, or a family account of any of this<\/strong> \u2014 particularly of the years where the record is thin, which is most of them \u2014 the District would like to see it. Corrections are as welcome as additions.<\/p>\n\n    <p><a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/contact-k-i-d\/\">Contact the District<\/a> \u2014 or bring it to the office. Somebody there will know what it is.<\/p>\n\n      <\/section>\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-index\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">The whole set<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-index\">Everywhere else this history is told<\/h2>\n\n    <p>This page is the chronology. Nine other pages carry the parts that needed more room than a timeline allows \u2014 and a great deal of the underlying record is held in public collections that anyone can search.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/everglades-of-the-west\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">The Everglades of the West<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The Basin before the Project, who brought its water to the land, and who built the storage<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/water-history\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">What kind of water this is<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Nutrient rich, not polluted \u00b7 the travellers, Sweet and McBeth in 1908, and five hundred years of drought in the tree rings<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/before-the-project-the-people-of-this-basin\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">The Klamath, the Modoc and the Yahooskin<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Whose country this is \u00b7 the emigrant road, the agreements, the war, and the families never removed<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/link-river-dam\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Link River, the reef and the dam<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Yulalona, the \u201cA\u201d Canal headworks, the storage that came late, and Public Law 118-246<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/keno-dam\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Keno, the reefs and the dam<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The reefs that made this Basin, and the canal the United States sold in 1923<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/lower-klamath-lake-national-wildlife-refuge\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Lower Klamath Lake and the National Wildlife Refuge<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The first waterfowl refuge in the United States \u2014 and then it was drained<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/tulelake\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Tulelake, Tule Lake, Rhett Lake and the National Wildlife Refuge<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The closed basin, the homestead openings, the camp, the refuge and a century of leases<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/who-paid-for-the-project\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Who Paid for the Project \u2014 the People Behind the Project<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Thirteen million invested, three hundred million grown, and the families who carried the debt<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/the-archives\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">The Archives<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Ninety documents \u2014 everything this history rests on, gathered in one place<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/district-governance-accountability\/title-transfer\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Title Transfer<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Where this history leads \u2014 the 1954 contract, the pending request, and the case for it<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3 class=\"kid-hist__h3\">The public collections<\/h3>\n\n    <p>Much of what this history rests on is not the District's to hold. Oregon Institute of Technology has digitized the Bureau of Reclamation's own year-by-year record of this Project. The <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathcountyhistoricalsociety.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Klamath County Historical Society<\/a> \u2014 incorporated on 28 May 1946 by people who loved this Basin and its history \u2014 has published <em>Klamath Echoes<\/em> annually since 1964 and <em>The Trumpeter<\/em> since 1985, and has put both online. All of it is free, and all of it is a better source than anything written about it.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/techcommons.oit.edu\/search?c=Klamath+Project+Annual+Histories%3A+Oregon-California&cc=Klamath+Project+Annual+Histories%3A+Oregon-California&ln=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Klamath Project Annual Histories, 1903\u20131964<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Oregon Tech \u00b7 Reclamation's own annual account of the Project, volume by volume \u2014 construction, operation, contracts, litigation, acreage and photographs<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/techcommons.oit.edu\/search?c=Klamath+Water+Digital+Library&cc=Klamath+Water+Digital+Library&ln=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Klamath Water Digital Library<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Oregon Tech \u00b7 studies, reports, maps and photographs of water in this Basin<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/techcommons.oit.edu\/search?c=Oral+Histories&cc=Oral+Histories&ln=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Oral Histories<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Oregon Tech \u00b7 the people who were here, in their own voices \u2014 the part of this record no document holds<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathcountyhistoricalsociety.org\/test-menu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Klamath Echoes \u2014 the full run, online<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Klamath County Historical Society \u00b7 the annual volumes that carry this Basin's own account of itself \u2014 the boats and the landings, the ditches and the men who dug them, Merrill and Keno, the pioneers, in their own words<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathcountyhistoricalsociety.org\/newsletter\/trumpeter-page-1-november-1985-to-winter-1987\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\"><em>The Trumpeter<\/em>, 1985 to today<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Klamath County Historical Society \u00b7 forty years of quarterly newsletters, indexed by period<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathcountyhistoricalsociety.org\/images\/ModocWar.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Modoc War commentary<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Klamath County Historical Society \u00b7 and, on the Society's video page, Moss Driscoll's talk on the Klamath Project<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oit.edu\/shaw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">Shaw Historical Library<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">Oregon Tech \u00b7 the Land of the Lakes collection: manuscripts, maps, photographs and published works on the Klamath Basin<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-library\">\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__span\">The archive<\/p>\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-library\">Every document behind this page<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Nothing on this page is recollection. Every date, name and figure comes from a document, and the documents are gathered where anyone can open them \u2014 <strong>ninety of them<\/strong>: the founding papers of 1905, the films and story maps, the federal investigations and legal opinions, and the District's own archive.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"kid-hist__links\">\n      <a class=\"kid-hist__linkrow\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/history\/the-archives\/\">\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-label\">The Archives<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kid-hist__linkrow-meta\">The Reclamation Act and the 1905 contract \u00b7 the trust deeds and stock subscriptions \u00b7 Voorhees, Stoutemyer and the annual histories \u00b7 the ACFFOD \u00b7 films, story maps and training materials<\/span>\n      <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <section class=\"kid-hist__section\" aria-labelledby=\"kid-hist-sources\">\n    <h2 class=\"kid-hist__h2\" id=\"kid-hist-sources\">Where this history comes from<\/h2>\n    <p>Every date and figure on this page is drawn from a primary or published source, not from recollection.<\/p>\n    <ul class=\"kid-hist__sources\">\n      <li><strong>Corrected Partial Order of Determination<\/strong>, OAH Case 003, Klamath Basin Adjudication \u2014 construction chronology, acreage, storage and water right determinations.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Basin Area Office<\/strong>, <em>About Us<\/em> \u2014 Reclamation's own published history of the Project: the White Lake ditch, the Adams Canal, the pre-Project acreage, the 1917 Copco contract and the 1956 extension, and the 19 canals of 185 miles.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Stene, <em>Klamath Project<\/em><\/strong> (Bureau of Reclamation project history, 1994) \u2014 Association formation, repayment contract, pre-Project canals.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Spindor<\/strong>, <em>Trumpeter<\/em> No. 45 \u2014 pre-Project ditch history, 1868 through 1888.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Organization of the Klamath Water Users Association<\/strong> \u2014 the Association's minute book, covering the meetings of February 25, March 4, April 1 and November 3, 1905, with the Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Klamath Water Users Association annual meeting minutes<\/strong>, 6 June 1913 \u2014 the Newell representations and the stockholders' resolution.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Sophia S. Henley warranty deed<\/strong>, 1905 \u2014 conveyance to the United States for one dollar.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Contract No. 14-06-200-3784<\/strong> (1954) and <strong>Contract Ilr-173<\/strong> (1918).<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Bureau of Reclamation<\/strong>, <em>Reclamation Accomplishments, Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1905\u20131953<\/em> (California Projects Division, July 1953) \u2014 the federal government's own accounting of the Project's cost and return.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Klamath Irrigation District<\/strong>, <em>Water Management and Conservation Plan<\/em>, Appendix A \u2014 net supply, A Canal inflow, lateral tail water, lateral loss and deliveries to farms, year by year from 1991; compiled in part by MBK Engineers (February 2003).<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Klamath Irrigation District<\/strong>, <em>Water Management and Conservation Plan<\/em> (2021), District Bylaws, Election Procedures and Water Delivery Policy \u2014 boundary, acreage, accounts and governance.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Klamath Project crop reports<\/strong>, filed annually under Article 9 of the 1954 contract.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Reclamation's Klamath Project Annual Histories<\/strong>, 1903 onward \u2014 the year-by-year official record. Many volumes are digitized by the Oregon Institute of Technology; the years 1920, 1922\u20131925, 1933, 1953, 1959\u20131961, 1963 and 1965\u20131974 exist only in the District's vault.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Samuel and Emily Dicken<\/strong>, <em>The Legacy of Ancient Lake Modoc<\/em>, and Dicken in <em>Oregon Geology<\/em> Vol. 42 No. 11 (1980) \u2014 the pre-human geography.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>George Moss Driscoll<\/strong>, <em>John Abel Ady, \u201cSwamp King,\u201d 1866\u20131915<\/em> \u2014 the prices paid for the Ankeny, Adams, Carr and Klamath Canal Company properties, the $20-an-acre resolution and the 1909 suspension, Secretary Ballinger's 1910 reorganization, and the origin of the Project's contractual priorities. <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Sc48NCyykOgtIyiQ79h93OWirO3giRzQ\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Full document<\/a>.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>\u201cAncient Rock Dams on the Link River\u201d<\/strong> \u2014 Clarke in 1885, the 1900 Richmond Dispatch letter, and the <em>Evening Herald<\/em> of 22 September 1908 on the stone fish traps at the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake. <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Dgai-3-tMsI-3MXyVm9ZRIKK47qcFV0F\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Full document<\/a>.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Bureau of Reclamation<\/strong>, <em>Klamath Federal Reclamation Project, Oregon-California<\/em> (Government Printing Office, 1936) \u2014 the project as it stood at 140,000 acres: the main, pumping and Tule Lake divisions, the construction and O&M charges, the reservoir capacities, and the works canal by canal.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Klamath Basin Water Agreement Support Act of 2024<\/strong>, Public Law 118-246, approved 4 January 2025 \u2014 the direction that the Secretary comply with the 2016 Klamath Power and Facilities Agreement, the restoration and fish-passage authorities, Pumping Plant D, and the C Canal flume.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>2016 Klamath Power and Facilities Agreement<\/strong>, signed 6 April 2016 by Oregon, California, the Klamath Water Users Association, the Department of the Interior and the Department of Commerce.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Gene R. Souza<\/strong>, <em>An Independent Scientific Literature Review and Biological Assessment of the Klamath Reclamation Project<\/em> (2024) \u2014 the Project's genesis, the pre-Project lake and marsh acreages and evaporation, and the water quality baseline. <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1BD8HGPqUEYsBXgOSlEaSJITOG-hHdeSC\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Full document<\/a>.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Klamath Project Annual Histories, 1903\u20131964<\/strong> \u2014 the Bureau of Reclamation's own year-by-year record of the Project, digitized in full by <a href=\"https:\/\/techcommons.oit.edu\/search?c=Klamath+Project+Annual+Histories%3A+Oregon-California&cc=Klamath+Project+Annual+Histories%3A+Oregon-California&ln=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon Institute of Technology<\/a>. Construction, operation, contracts, litigation, land acquired and leased, acreage, hydrographs and photographs, volume by volume.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>I. S. Voorhees<\/strong>, <em>History of Klamath Project<\/em>, U.S. Reclamation Service (covering 1903\u20131912) \u2014 the construction record of the Main Canal, the East Branch, the Keno and South Branch canals, the distribution and drainage systems, and the acreage served year by year.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>John C. Boyle<\/strong>, <em>Fifty Years on the Klamath<\/em> (1976) \u2014 the 1919 lake soundings, the negotiations that produced the Link River Dam, and its cost and conveyance.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Stoutemyer and Dent, <em>Report of Investigation, Klamath Project, Oregon<\/em><\/strong>, February 27, 1924 \u2014 District Counsel's report to the Secretary of the Interior on the petition against the District's Board; the Copco contracts, the Ankeny and Keno canal sale, and the recommendation that the District take over operation and maintenance of the Main Division.<\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kid-hist__note\">Found an error? The District would rather correct the record than defend it. <a href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/contact-k-i-d\/\">Contact us<\/a>.<\/p>\n  <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Zilla+Slab:wght@500;600;700&family=Libre+Franklin:wght@400;500;600&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@500;600&display=swap');\n\n.kid-hist{\n  --kid-navy:#1b2a4e;\n  --kid-red:#b22234;\n  --kid-red-hover:#8e1a29;\n  --kid-gold:#c39a3e;\n  --kid-gold-dark:#9a7a2f;\n  --kid-cream:#f6f2e9;\n  --kid-ink:#22262e;\n  --kid-muted:#5a6473;\n  --kid-line:#e4ddcd;\n\n  max-width:1100px;\n  margin:0 auto;\n  padding:8px 4px 24px;\n  color:var(--kid-ink);\n  font-family:'Libre Franklin',Arial,sans-serif;\n  line-height:1.65;\n  overflow-wrap:break-word;\n  -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;\n}\n.kid-hist *{box-sizing:border-box;}\n.kid-hist p{margin:0 0 14px;}\n.kid-hist a{color:var(--kid-red);}\n\n\/* ===== Head ===== *\/\n.kid-hist__head{\n  border-top:4px solid 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