{"id":4272,"date":"2026-06-25T07:01:01","date_gmt":"2026-06-25T15:01:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/?page_id=4272"},"modified":"2026-08-24T14:47:25","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T22:47:25","slug":"endangered-species-act","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/endangered-species-act\/","title":{"rendered":"Endangered Species Act"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><!-- ============================================================\n     ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT (reference) - \"ESA by the numbers\" version\n     Self-contained block. Paste into an Avada Code Block \/ Custom HTML\n     widget (NOT the visual editor).\n     ============================================================ -->\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Zilla+Slab:wght@500;600;700&family=Libre+Franklin:wght@400;500;600;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@500;600&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n<div class=\"kid-esa\">\n  <div class=\"esa-wrap\">\n    <div class=\"esa-hero\">\n      <span class=\"esa-kicker\">The District \u00b7 Reference & Advocacy<\/span>\n      <h1 class=\"esa-title\">Endangered Species Act<\/h1>\n      <p class=\"esa-sub\">Few federal laws shape the Klamath Basin more directly. Two endangered fish in Upper Klamath Lake, a threatened salmon downstream in the tributaries, and endangered whales off the coast that feed on a different salmon sit at the center of how Project water is stored and released each year \u2014 and of how the District defends the deliveries its patrons depend on. This is the District\u2019s public reference on the law, the species, the science, and the record.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <figure class=\"esa-fig esa-fig--hero\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/506456413_10228365210537008_6212735055176219375_n.jpg\" alt=\"Clouds reflected on the late-summer Klamath River, with mats of algae on the surface\">\n      <figcaption class=\"esa-figcap\"><b>The late-summer Klamath River.<\/b> Clouds mirrored on the water beneath drifting mats of algae. Photo by Solid Rock Photography.<\/figcaption>\n    <\/figure>\n\n    <div class=\"esa-lede\">\n      <p class=\"esa-lede-kicker\">Start here \u00b7 The short version<\/p>\n      <p class=\"esa-lede-lead\">The Klamath Project stores water. Under Oregon\u2019s adjudication, the right to use and deliver that water belongs to the districts and their patrons \u2014 it is not Reclamation\u2019s to allocate.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"esa-lede-list\">\n        <li>In June\u00a02026 the Ninth Circuit held that the Endangered Species Act applies to Project operations. The District is still pressing the questions the court did not reach.<\/li>\n        <li>The District\u2019s argument is not against protecting the listed species \u2014 it wants them recovered. It is that a single-species law, run for decades through litigation, is the wrong tool: across those decades the listed fish have kept declining, and the basin is no nearer recovery.<\/li>\n        <li>The durable fix is a whole-basin restoration, built together with the Tribes and the District\u2019s neighbors across the basin.<\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n      <a class=\"esa-cta-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/endangered-species-act\/administrative-record\/\">Read the District\u2019s record <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <nav class=\"esa-jump\" aria-label=\"On this page\">\n      <span class=\"esa-jump-label\">On this page<\/span>\n      <a href=\"#esa-ov-h\">How the ESA works here<\/a>\n      <a href=\"#esa-tool-h\">The District\u2019s view<\/a>\n      <a href=\"#esa-law-stands\">Where the law stands<\/a>\n      <a href=\"#esa-position-pos\">The District\u2019s position<\/a>\n      <a href=\"#esa-dash-h\">ESA Consultation Dashboard<\/a>\n      <a href=\"#esa-nav-h\">Explore the sub-pages<\/a>\n      <a href=\"#esa-src-h\">Sources<\/a>\n    <\/nav>\n\n    <section class=\"esa-overview\" aria-labelledby=\"esa-ov-h\">\n      <h2 class=\"esa-h2\" id=\"esa-ov-h\">How does the ESA shape the Klamath?<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"esa-takeaway\">Four ESA-listed species shape how Project water is stored and released \u2014 but under Oregon\u2019s adjudication, the right to use and deliver that water belongs to the districts and their patrons, not to Reclamation.<\/p>\n      <p>The Endangered Species Act protects species listed as threatened or endangered, along with the habitat they depend on. Its most consequential provision in the Klamath is Section\u00a07, which requires federal agencies to consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA Fisheries to ensure their actions are not likely to jeopardize a listed species or harm its designated critical habitat.<\/p>\n      <p>Four listings drive that consultation here. The two endangered suckers \u2014 the <strong>c\u2019waam<\/strong> and <strong>koptu<\/strong>, fish the Klamath Tribes have known and relied on for generations and that Basin families call <em>mullet<\/em> \u2014 were listed in 1988. They are found across the Upper Klamath and Lost River watersheds \u2014 not only in Upper Klamath Lake \u2014 with self-sustaining populations in Clear Lake and Gerber reservoirs and suspected self-sustaining populations in Tule Lake; a reconnection to Sheepy Creek could establish another at Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge. It is the Upper Klamath Lake population whose needs drive the lake-elevation requirements in the Project\u2019s biological opinion.<\/p>\n      <p>The <strong>SONCC coho salmon<\/strong> \u2014 listed threatened in 1997 \u2014 depends on the Klamath River below the Project, tying its protection to river flows. A fourth species enters indirectly: the <strong>Southern Resident killer whale<\/strong>, listed endangered in 2005, which feeds on Chinook salmon \u2014 so the basin\u2019s salmon production is drawn into the consultation through the orca\u2019s prey base.<\/p>\n      <!-- EDIT ME (counsel): the paragraphs below state the District's water-rights position (under the Klamath Basin Adjudication, Reclamation's only Project right is to store water; not its to allocate) \u2014 confirm before publishing. -->\n      <p>Within the Project, the Bureau of Reclamation\u2019s role is storage. Because Section\u00a08 of the Reclamation Act ties Reclamation to state water law, the District\u2019s position is that the Klamath Basin Adjudication \u2014 Oregon\u2019s Amended and Corrected Findings of Fact and Order of Determination (ACFFOD) \u2014 is the controlling legal framework, and under it Reclamation\u2019s only Project water right is a right to store water. It decides how much is held in Upper Klamath Lake for irrigation and the refuges, manages flood releases, and operates the control works, including Link River Dam \u2014 but the rights to use and distribute that water are state-adjudicated and belong to the districts and their patrons, not Reclamation\u2019s to allocate.<\/p>\n      <p>That same adjudication confirmed the Klamath Tribes\u2019 time-immemorial rights \u2014 the most senior in the basin, for Upper Klamath Lake levels and the Tribes\u2019 treaty fishery \u2014 to which the District\u2019s own rights are junior. To the District, those senior rights are not a point of dispute but a foundation for cooperation: the Klamath Tribes have at times worked with Basin farmers to ease this conflict, including agreements that have allowed irrigation to continue while the adjudication process runs its course. The District\u2019s position rests on that priority system rather than against it: under the state water law the adjudication settled, the right to use and distribute Project water belongs to those who hold it, in their order of priority, not to Reclamation as a matter of federal discretion.<\/p>\n      <p>The operating is done locally: under their 1954 transferred-works contracts, the Klamath and Tulelake Irrigation Districts accepted \u201cthe care, operation, and maintenance\u201d of the canals, drains, and pumps that carry and deliver Project water. So what the ESA reaches as \u201cProject operations\u201d is, in the District\u2019s view, Reclamation\u2019s storage and flood-control decisions \u2014 not the districts\u2019 running of the works.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <figure class=\"esa-fig\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/495855441_1267518302044033_2552738750735691887_n-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A bald eagle landing on an irrigation pivot in the Klamath Reclamation Project\" loading=\"lazy\">\n      <figcaption class=\"esa-figcap\"><b>A bald eagle in February.<\/b> One of many nesting pairs across the Klamath Reclamation Project, settling onto an irrigation pivot to scan for prey \u2014 wildlife and the working landscape, on the same water. Photo by Solid Rock Photography.<\/figcaption>\n    <\/figure>\n\n    <section class=\"esa-overview\" aria-labelledby=\"esa-oi-h\">\n      <h2 class=\"esa-h2\" id=\"esa-oi-h\">What was the Endangered Species Act meant to do?<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"esa-takeaway\">Congress built the Act to protect species <em>and<\/em> to make agencies cooperate with state and local governments on water disputes \u2014 a cooperative duty Klamath management has too often set aside.<\/p>\n      <!-- EDIT ME (counsel): characterizes the ESA's purpose and the District's reading of it; confirm before publishing. -->\n      <p>The Endangered Species Act was built on more than a federal directive. In its statement of policy, Congress declared that \u201cFederal agencies shall cooperate with State and local agencies to resolve water resource issues in concert with conservation of endangered species\u201d (16\u00a0U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a01531(c)(2), added by the 1982 amendments), and it directs the Secretary to work with the States \u201cto the maximum extent practicable.\u201d That cooperative duty was written for water disputes much like the Klamath\u2019s \u2014 and the District is exactly the kind of body it names: a special government district organized under Oregon\u2019s irrigation-district law, ORS chapter\u00a0545, so the duty to cooperate runs directly to local governments like KID.<\/p>\n      <p>It sits alongside a strong protective purpose. The Supreme Court has read the 1973 Act as a resolve to halt extinction \u201cwhatever the cost,\u201d with Section\u00a07 giving listed species priority over an agency\u2019s other missions \u2014 the part of the law the courts most often enforce, including here. The District\u2019s point is not that this protective mandate should be weakened, but that the cooperative half of the Act \u2014 written for exactly this kind of water dispute \u2014 has too often been displaced by distant, litigation-driven management. Durable recovery in the Klamath, in the District\u2019s view, will come from using it: State, local, and Tribal partners working alongside federal agencies on solutions grounded where the consequences are felt.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <figure class=\"esa-fig\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/465792557_10226127980487655_8336355352571642396_n.jpg\" alt=\"Sunrise over the Klamath Irrigation District, gold light against a dark, clouded sky\" loading=\"lazy\">\n      <figcaption class=\"esa-figcap\"><b>Sunrise over the Klamath Irrigation District.<\/b> Deep gold reflected on a dark, clouded sky. Photo by Solid Rock Photography.<\/figcaption>\n    <\/figure>\n\n    <section class=\"esa-watch\" aria-labelledby=\"esa-watch-h\">\n      <div class=\"esa-watch-inner\">\n        <span class=\"esa-watch-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\"><path d=\"M8 5v14l11-7z\" fill=\"currentColor\"\/><\/svg>\n        <\/span>\n        <div class=\"esa-watch-body\">\n          <span class=\"esa-watch-kicker\">Watch \u00b7 KID Symposium<\/span>\n          <h2 class=\"esa-watch-title\" id=\"esa-watch-h\">ESA at 50 Symposium<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"esa-watch-meta\">Hosted by the District at Klamath Community College on March\u00a011,\u00a02024 \u2014 16 recorded talks on the Act\u2019s first half-century and what it means for the basin.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <a class=\"esa-watch-cta\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLuqxM5NQrXahk_g2gICwQieDLaIPH1lNS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watch the series <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <aside class=\"esa-thesis\" aria-labelledby=\"esa-tool-h\">\n      <p class=\"esa-thesis-label\">The District\u2019s view \u00b7 The wrong tool<\/p>\n      <h2 class=\"esa-thesis-title\" id=\"esa-tool-h\">The wrong tool for a whole-basin problem<\/h2>\n      <p>The Endangered Species Act\u2019s enforceable engine is narrow by design. Section\u00a07 asks one question \u2014 will a federal action jeopardize a <em>listed<\/em> species or harm its designated critical habitat \u2014 and it answers that question one species at a time. It does not ask, and the Klamath consultation does not measure, whether an action serves the health of the basin as a whole.<\/p>\n      <p>So a great deal of the basin falls outside the frame. The Klamath is one of the most important stops on the Pacific Flyway \u2014 its refuges once drew millions of migrating waterfowl, and the basin still supports hundreds of bird species alongside countless other wildlife, native plant communities, and the wetlands that sustain them. None of that enters a Section\u00a07 jeopardy analysis. Neither do the whole-system processes that knit the basin together \u2014 among them the evapotranspiration from wetlands and irrigated ground that returns moisture to the air and feeds the basin\u2019s humidity and water cycle. The Act weighs a handful of listed species; it does not see the system those species live in.<\/p>\n      <p>In the District\u2019s view that makes it the wrong tool for the job \u2014 three times over. It is the wrong tool for <em>recovery<\/em>: three decades of managing to single-species targets have not brought the listed fish back. It is the wrong tool for <em>ecosystem management<\/em>: a law that can weigh only one species at a time cannot steward a watershed of hundreds. And it is the wrong tool for <em>bringing people together<\/em>: a process that fixes winners and losers by litigation turns the basin\u2019s communities into adversaries at the very moment the work demands they pull as one. Protecting the c\u2019waam, koptu, and salmon is a goal the District shares \u2014 with the Tribes, and with its neighbors across the basin. The argument is not with that goal; it is that a single-species, litigation-driven instrument cannot deliver it, and that lasting recovery will come from tending the whole system on which every species \u2014 listed and unlisted, fish, bird, plant, and people \u2014 depends.<\/p>\n    <\/aside>\n\n    <figure class=\"esa-fig\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SpringLakeDry_2021.jpg\" alt=\"The skeletal remains of a cow on dry marshland at Spring Lake, 2021\" loading=\"lazy\">\n      <figcaption class=\"esa-figcap\"><b>Spring Lake, dry in 2021.<\/b> The skeletal remains of a cow on what was natural marshland \u2014 the whole-system stakes a single-species process never weighs.<\/figcaption>\n    <\/figure>\n\n    <aside class=\"esa-keynote\">\n      <p class=\"esa-keynote-label\">The heart of it<\/p>\n      <p class=\"esa-keynote-body\">The fish at the center of this conflict carry meaning far beyond their numbers. The c\u2019waam and koptu are the Klamath Tribes\u2019 most sacred first foods \u2014 fish whose return once anchored a season of ceremony \u2014 and salmon hold that same place for the river tribes. For more than thirty years these species have shaped how Project water is held and released, and across those years their decline has continued while the water quality their recovery depends on has not turned. That loss falls most heavily on the Tribes whose lifeways are bound to these fish, and it weighs on every family and community in the basin.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"esa-keynote-body\">Three decades of managing the basin one species at a time, through a federal process driven largely by litigation, have left almost no one whole \u2014 the listed fish are not recovering, water quality has not turned, and the families, Tribes, and communities who live with the consequences have carried year after year of crisis and uncertainty. The District\u2019s view, and increasingly a shared one across the basin, is that the way forward is not another zero-sum fight refereed from a distant courtroom but a whole-basin effort to re-water and heal the system: restoring wetlands, cooling and cleaning the water, and rebuilding the conditions that fish, wildlife, agriculture, and cultural lifeways all depend on.<\/p>\n    <\/aside>\n\n    <section class=\"esa-overview\" aria-labelledby=\"esa-fw-h\">\n      <h2 class=\"esa-h2\" id=\"esa-fw-h\">What governs Project operations today?<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"esa-takeaway\">Two 2024 Biological Opinions govern how the Project stores and releases water, with the river-flow compliance point now at Keno Dam since Iron Gate Dam was removed.<\/p>\n      <p>Reclamation\u2019s decisions on storing and releasing Project water are governed by two 2024 Biological Opinions \u2014 one from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service covering the c\u2019waam and koptu (effective through October\u00a02029) and one from NOAA Fisheries covering coho salmon and the Southern Resident killer whale (through September\u00a02029). With Iron Gate Dam removed in 2024 as part of the lower-river dam removal, the compliance point for river flows moved upstream to Keno Dam.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <figure class=\"esa-fig\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/20200712_115147-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Tingley Lake drying after irrigation water was shut off, 2020\" loading=\"lazy\">\n      <figcaption class=\"esa-figcap\"><b>Tingley Lake going dry in 2020.<\/b> A season with no inflow once the irrigation water was shut off \u2014 what the basin loses when delivery stops.<\/figcaption>\n    <\/figure>\n\n    <aside class=\"esa-thesis\" aria-labelledby=\"esa-2024-h\">\n      <p class=\"esa-thesis-label\">The District\u2019s view \u00b7 The 2024 framework<\/p>\n      <h2 class=\"esa-thesis-title\" id=\"esa-2024-h\">Non-jeopardy decided in advance<\/h2>\n      <p>In the District\u2019s view, the 2024 framework runs Section\u00a07 backward. A consultation is meant to begin with the agency\u2019s real proposed action and ask whether carrying it out would jeopardize a listed species. Here the lake levels and river flows believed to protect the suckers and coho were fixed at the outset \u2014 carried forward from prior biological opinions and litigation \u2014 and written into the proposed action as a given, so the action was all but assured of a non-jeopardy finding before the analysis began. Whether operating the Project to meet its contractual deliveries would in fact jeopardize any species was never the question the consultation set out to answer.<\/p>\n      <p>Everything else followed from that assumption rather than being weighed against it. Water for the farms, for the national wildlife refuges, and for the wetlands, wildlife, and basin economy that depend on them was left to whatever remained once the assumed-protective levels and flows were taken off the top. The refuges, the ecosystem, and the people of the basin were not parties to the jeopardy analysis; they were treated as the residual. The District\u2019s objection is not to protecting the listed fish \u2014 it is to settling the outcome by assumption, in a process that never tested what full Project operation would actually mean for the species it is meant to protect.<\/p>\n      <p>This is not new to 2024. In the District\u2019s view, the same pattern \u2014 a non-jeopardy outcome settled before the analysis, with deliveries, refuges, and the ecosystem fit to whatever is left \u2014 has been the federal model in the Klamath since the coho was listed in 1997, contrary to the Act\u2019s cooperative intent, to its statutory direction, and to the procedure the Services set for themselves. The Services\u2019 own Section\u00a07 Consultation Handbook (Chapter\u00a04) calls for the action agency to define its real proposed action first, and for the effects of that action to be analyzed against it. Followed in that order \u2014 the proposed action stated honestly, then tested for jeopardy \u2014 the District believes the consultation would reach a materially different result.<\/p>\n    <\/aside>\n\n    <div class=\"esa-watch\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"esa-dash-h\">\n      <div class=\"esa-watch-inner\">\n        <span class=\"esa-watch-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\"><path d=\"M4 13h4v7H4zM10 4h4v16h-4zM16 9h4v11h-4z\" fill=\"currentColor\"\/><\/svg>\n        <\/span>\n        <div class=\"esa-watch-body\">\n          <span class=\"esa-watch-kicker\">Interactive \u00b7 Section 7<\/span>\n          <h3 class=\"esa-watch-title\" id=\"esa-dash-h\">The ESA dashboard<\/h3>\n          <p class=\"esa-watch-meta\">An interactive walk through Section\u00a07 for the Klamath \u2014 the nine rules, the water budget, and the District\u2019s analysis.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <a class=\"esa-watch-cta\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/endangered-species-act\/esa-dashboard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explore the dashboard <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n            <aside class=\"esa-ruling\" id=\"esa-law-stands\">\n      <p class=\"esa-ruling-label\">Where the law stands \u00b7 Ninth Circuit, June 2026<\/p>\n      <p>On June\u00a017,\u00a02026, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed that the Endangered Species Act applies to the Bureau of Reclamation\u2019s operation of the Klamath Project. Over the appeal brought by the District and the Klamath Water Users Association, it reaffirmed its earlier decision in <em>Klamath Water Users Protective Ass\u2019n v. Patterson<\/em> and held that the Reclamation Act leaves the Bureau the discretion that triggers Section\u00a07. It rejected the District\u2019s arguments that the ruling was a \u201cjudicial taking\u201d of its water rights and that the federal courts lacked jurisdiction.<\/p>\n      <p>The court treated the District\u2019s state-water-law position as a question of jurisdiction \u2014 holding that deciding whether the ESA applies does not adjudicate water rights \u2014 rather than deciding on the merits whether Section\u00a08 of the Reclamation Act, and the State\u2019s adjudicated rights, leave the Bureau no discretion over contracted deliveries. It also did not reach the effect of the 2024 Klamath Basin Water Agreement Support Act, enacted after the decision under review. One judge dissented, finding that under recent Supreme Court and circuit precedent the Project\u2019s contracts impose non-discretionary duties that do not trigger Section\u00a07.<\/p>\n      <a class=\"esa-ruling-link\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/endangered-species-act\/administrative-record\/\">See the litigation record <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span><\/a>\n    <\/aside>\n\n        <!-- EDIT ME (counsel): this section states KID's litigation argument from its Ninth Circuit reply brief; have counsel review the wording before publishing. -->\n    <aside class=\"esa-position\">\n      <p class=\"esa-position-label\">The question the Ninth Circuit did not reach<\/p>\n      <p>The District\u2019s appeal did not ask the court to weaken the Endangered Species Act. It raised a prior question: whether the Bureau of Reclamation has authority, under its own enabling statute, to take water that others hold adjudicated rights to and send it down the river for instream flows in violation of Oregon law. Section\u00a08 of the Reclamation Act (43\u00a0U.S.C.\u00a0383) commands that Reclamation \u201cshall proceed in conformity with\u201d state water law, and the ESA \u2014 which directs agencies to use the authorities they already have \u2014 does not enlarge them. On that reading there is no conflict for the ESA to preempt: Reclamation can meet its obligations to the listed species in a way that still honors the State\u2019s adjudicated water rights.<\/p>\n      <p>As the District framed it, a duty to comply with the ESA is not the same as authority to override the State\u2019s adjudicated water rights in order to meet it. The District\u2019s dispute is with the scope of Reclamation\u2019s own authority under the Reclamation Act \u2014 not with the fish, and not with the flows the river and the species depend on. The Ninth Circuit resolved the District\u2019s state-water-law arguments as a matter of jurisdiction, holding that deciding whether the ESA applies does not adjudicate water rights, and so it did not decide this Section\u00a08 question on the merits. The District continues to press it.<\/p>\n      <!-- EDIT ME: this link points to Google Drive. For a public page it is better to host the PDF on klamathid.org (e.g., within the Administrative Record) and swap in that URL; if keeping the Drive link, make sure the file is shared so anyone with the link can view it. -->\n      <a class=\"esa-position-link\" href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1ZHpd4ya60MjwZ7kzgKWTHFoqG6cdUWbK\/view\">Read KID\u2019s Ninth Circuit reply brief <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span><\/a>\n    <\/aside>\n\n    <aside class=\"esa-position\" id=\"esa-position-pos\">\n      <p class=\"esa-position-label\">The District\u2019s position<\/p>\n      <p>Notwithstanding that ruling, the District maintains \u2014 as documented in full in its Administrative Record \u2014 that its water deliveries rest on senior, state-adjudicated water rights, and that Section\u00a08 of the Reclamation Act (43\u00a0U.S.C.\u00a0383) obligates the Bureau of Reclamation to operate in conformity with those rights. On that footing, the District holds that delivering contractual irrigation water and providing flood control became non-discretionary obligations under the Klamath Basin Water Agreement Support Act of 2024 (Pub.\u00a0L.\u00a0118-246) \u2014 enacted after the district court decision under review, and not addressed by the panel \u2014 and that Section\u00a07\u2019s no-jeopardy duty therefore does not reach those specific deliveries. Operations the District treats as discretionary \u2014 surplus storage and refuge deliveries among them \u2014 remain subject to consultation.<\/p>\n      <!-- EDIT ME (counsel): the consultation \/ RPA paragraph below characterizes the District's legal position; confirm wording before publishing. -->\n      <p>The District also reads the June\u00a02026 ruling narrowly: it holds that the Project\u2019s operations are subject to consultation, not that Reclamation must curtail contract deliveries to secure a no-jeopardy opinion. Under the Services\u2019 own Section\u00a07 process, the action agency defines its proposed action \u2014 so Reclamation could propose to honor its contractual deliveries in full and ask whether doing so would jeopardize a listed species, rather than building curtailments in at the outset. If the Services found jeopardy, the law calls for reasonable and prudent alternatives, and the Services\u2019 Section\u00a07 Consultation Handbook directs that the action agency and applicants help develop them \u2014 so, as a Section\u00a07(a)(3) applicant, the District could bring its own authorities to shaping that solution. Under post\u2013dam-removal conditions, that question \u2014 whether delivering the contracted water would in fact jeopardize a listed species \u2014 has never been put to the Services.<\/p>\n      <p>Nor does the District claim that water can never serve the listed species. If the best available science shows that water held under the farmers\u2019 rights is needed to mitigate jeopardy, the agencies have a lawful way to obtain it \u2014 to acquire it at fair market value, from willing sellers, under their own authorities. What the District resists is the alternative: taking that property outright. A water right is private property, and the Endangered Species Act does not authorize the federal government to take it for a public purpose without the just compensation the Fifth Amendment requires.<\/p>\n      <a class=\"esa-position-link\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/endangered-species-act\/administrative-record\/\">Read the Administrative Record <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span><\/a>\n    <\/aside>\n\n    <aside class=\"esa-ask\">\n      <div class=\"esa-ask-body\">\n        <p class=\"esa-ask-title\">Have a question about the District\u2019s position?<\/p>\n        <p class=\"esa-ask-sub\">We\u2019re glad to talk it through \u2014 reach the District\u2019s Executive Director directly.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <a class=\"esa-cta-btn\" href=\"mailto:Gene.Souza@KlamathID.org\">Contact us <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span><\/a>\n    <\/aside>\n\n    <section class=\"esa-nav-sec\" aria-labelledby=\"esa-nav-h\">\n      <h2 class=\"esa-h2\" id=\"esa-nav-h\">Explore this section<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"esa-nav-intro\">We\u2019re building this out page by page. Each opens into a deeper look at one part of the Klamath ESA story.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"esa-nav\">\n\n        <div class=\"esa-navcard esa-navcard--soon\">\n          <span class=\"esa-navtag\">In development<\/span>\n          <h3 class=\"esa-navtitle\">The law in the Klamath<\/h3>\n          <p class=\"esa-navdesc\">How Section\u00a07 consultation works, what \u201ctake\u201d and \u201cjeopardy\u201d mean, and where Habitat Conservation Plans fit.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"esa-navcard esa-navcard--soon\">\n          <span class=\"esa-navtag\">In development<\/span>\n          <h3 class=\"esa-navtitle\">The Biological Opinions<\/h3>\n          <p class=\"esa-navdesc\">What the 2024 BiOps require of the Project \u2014 the lake elevations, the river flows, and the operations behind them.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"esa-navcard esa-navcard--soon\">\n          <span class=\"esa-navtag\">In development<\/span>\n          <h3 class=\"esa-navtitle\">The record & litigation<\/h3>\n          <p class=\"esa-navdesc\">The District\u2019s documented position, the key opinions and memoranda, and the cases shaping Klamath water.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <aside class=\"esa-cta\">\n      <div class=\"esa-cta-body\">\n        <span class=\"esa-cta-kicker\">Go deeper<\/span>\n        <h2 class=\"esa-cta-title\">Read the District\u2019s record on Project operations<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"esa-cta-sub\">The decisions, correspondence, opinions, and filings behind the District\u2019s position \u2014 the full account, in its own words.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <a class=\"esa-cta-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/endangered-species-act\/administrative-record\/\">Read the record <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span><\/a>\n    <\/aside>\n\n    <section class=\"esa-sources-head\" aria-labelledby=\"esa-src-h\">\n      <h2 class=\"esa-h2\" id=\"esa-src-h\">Primary sources & references<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"esa-nav-intro\">The statutes, regulations, species records, and Project Biological Opinions behind the pages above. As each sub-page is built, these move to where they fit best.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <details class=\"esa-srcwrap\">\n      <summary class=\"esa-srcsummary\"><span class=\"esa-chev\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u25b8<\/span> Show all sources<\/summary>\n\n    <div class=\"esa-group\">\n      <div class=\"esa-grouphead\"><span class=\"esa-dot esa-dot-blue\"><\/span>By the numbers <em>\u2014 the operative ESA sections, and the Reclamation Act mandate behind Project water<\/em><\/div>\n      <div class=\"esa-grid\">\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/national\/endangered-species-conservation\/protective-regulations-threatened-species-under-endangered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">NOAA \u00b7 ESA \u00a74(d)<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">\u00a74(d) \u2014 Rules for Threatened Species<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">Lets the Services issue tailored protective regulations for threatened species (16 U.S.C. 1533(d)) \u2014 the basis for the SONCC coho\u2019s protections.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/laws\/endangered-species-act\/section-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">FWS \u00b7 ESA \u00a77(a)(1)<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">\u00a77(a)(1) \u2014 Conservation Mandate<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">The affirmative duty \u2014 federal agencies must use their authorities to conserve listed species, not merely avoid harming them (16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(1)).<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-50\/chapter-IV\/subchapter-A\/part-402\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">eCFR \u00b7 ESA \u00a77(a)(2)<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">\u00a77(a)(2) \u2014 Consultation & No-Jeopardy<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">The core duty: agencies must insure their actions don\u2019t jeopardize listed species. 50 CFR 402 sets the consultation process that produces the BiOps (16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(2)).<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-50\/chapter-IV\/subchapter-A\/part-402\/subpart-B\/section-402.11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">eCFR \u00b7 ESA \u00a77(a)(3)<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">\u00a77(a)(3) \u2014 Early Consultation<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">Early consultation a prospective applicant may request; it rests on the \u201capplicant\u201d test at 50 CFR 402.02 that governs who has a seat in a consultation (16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(3)).<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/16\/1538\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">ESA \u00a79 \u00b7 16 U.S.C. 1538<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">\u00a79 \u2014 Take & Incidental Take Coverage<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">\u00a79 bars the \u201ctake\u201d of listed species. For a federal action like the Project, incidental take is covered by the \u00a77 Biological Opinion\u2019s Incidental Take Statement \u2014 take that complies with its terms is not prohibited (50 CFR 402.14).<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/library\/collections\/permits-native-endangered-and-threatened-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">FWS \u00b7 ESA \u00a710<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">\u00a710 \u2014 Habitat Conservation Plans<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">The non-federal route to incidental take coverage: a \u00a710 permit (16 U.S.C. 1539) backed by a Habitat Conservation Plan. Federally carried-out actions use \u00a77 instead.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card esa-card--recl\" href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/43\/383\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag esa-tag--recl\">Reclamation Act \u00b7 \u00a78 \/ 43 U.S.C. 383<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">\u00a78 \u2014 Compliance with State Water Law<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">The Reclamation Act\u2019s command that the Secretary operate \u201cin conformity with\u201d state water law \u2014 the control, appropriation, use, and distribution of water, and the vested rights acquired under it. In the Klamath, the District points to this duty, alongside the rights fixed in Oregon\u2019s adjudication, as binding Reclamation to state-law priorities \u2014 a central point in its litigation.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"esa-group\">\n      <div class=\"esa-grouphead\"><span class=\"esa-dot esa-dot-gold\"><\/span>Statute, guidance & related law <em>\u2014 the full Act, agency procedure, and parallel statutes<\/em><\/div>\n      <div class=\"esa-grid\">\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/endangered-species-act-accessible_7.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">FWS \u00b7 16 U.S.C. 1531<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">Endangered Species Act (Statute)<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">The full text of the Act, as amended \u2014 administered by FWS and NMFS (PDF).<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/endangered-species-consultation-handbook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">FWS \/ NMFS \u00b7 1998<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">Section 7 Consultation Handbook<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">The Services' procedures manual for running consultations and writing BiOps (PDF).<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usbr.gov\/recman\/cmp\/cmp11-01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">Reclamation Manual \u00b7 D&S CMP 11-01<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">Title Transfer for Reclamation Project Facilities<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">Reclamation\u2019s Directive and Standard for transferring title to Project facilities to non-Federal entities under the John D. Dingell, Jr. Act (Pub.\u00a0L.\u00a0116-9) \u2014 the process by which a district could take ownership of the works it already operates (PDF).<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usbr.gov\/nepa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">Reclamation \u00b7 NEPA<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">NEPA \u2014 Reclamation\u2019s Process<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">The environmental-review law that runs alongside ESA Section 7; Reclamation folds its consultation into the NEPA process.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oregonlegislature.gov\/bills_laws\/ors\/ors496.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">Oregon \u00b7 ORS 496.171<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">Oregon Endangered Species Act<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">Oregon\u2019s state ESA for wildlife (ORS 496.171\u2013496.192), administered by ODFW, running parallel to the federal Act.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"esa-group\">\n      <div class=\"esa-grouphead\"><span class=\"esa-dot esa-dot-red\"><\/span>Listed species <em>\u2014 from Upper Klamath Lake to the Pacific<\/em><\/div>\n      <div class=\"esa-grid\">\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/ecos.fws.gov\/ecp\/species\/5604\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">USFWS \u00b7 Endangered<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">C\u2019waam \u2014 Lost River Sucker (mullet)<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">Endangered since 1988; found across the Upper Klamath and Lost River watersheds and central to the Klamath Tribes\u2019 culture. The Upper Klamath Lake population\u2019s needs inform the lake\u2019s minimum elevations, while self-sustaining populations persist in Clear Lake and Gerber reservoirs.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/ecos.fws.gov\/ecp\/species\/7160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">USFWS \u00b7 Endangered<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">Koptu \u2014 Shortnose Sucker<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">Endangered since 1988; found alongside the c\u2019waam across the Upper Klamath and Lost River watersheds, and likewise central to the Klamath Tribes\u2019 lifeways. The Williamson and Sprague River spawning grounds primarily support koptu and the non-listed Klamath largescale sucker.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/west-coast\/endangered-species-conservation\/southern-oregon-northern-california-coast-coho-salmon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">NOAA \u00b7 Threatened (4d)<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">SONCC Coho Salmon<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">Threatened since 1997, under an ESA Section 4(d) rule. Salmon hold deep cultural and ceremonial meaning for the Karuk, Yurok, and other Klamath River tribes; the coho population\u2019s needs inform the Project\u2019s downstream flow requirements.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/species\/killer-whale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">NOAA \u00b7 Endangered<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">Southern Resident Killer Whale (L Pod)<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">Endangered orca that preys on Chinook salmon. NOAA lists Klamath River Chinook among its prey stocks; L Pod ranges south to California to feed.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"esa-group\">\n      <div class=\"esa-grouphead\"><span class=\"esa-dot esa-dot-teal\"><\/span>Klamath Project consultation & record <em>\u2014 the operating contracts, the BiOps, the dam-removal EIS, and KID\u2019s record<\/em><\/div>\n      <div class=\"esa-grid\">\n        <!-- EDIT ME: contract now hosted on klamathid.org. TID's contract is materially similar and could be linked too if desired. -->\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/14-06-200-3784-1954-11-29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">Reclamation \u00b7 1954 O&M contract<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">Transferred-Works Contract (KID & TID)<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">The 1954 amendatory contract under which KID \u2014 and, in materially similar terms, the Tulelake Irrigation District \u2014 accepted \u201cthe care, operation, and maintenance\u201d of the Project\u2019s canals, drains, and pumping plants and the duty to deliver water to patrons, while the United States kept title and retained the control works, including Link River Dam (PDF).<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usbr.gov\/mp\/kbao\/ecbo.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">Reclamation \u00b7 KBAO<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">Klamath Project Biological Opinions<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">Reclamation's current and past BiOps for Project operations \u2014 the 2024 BiOp runs through 2029.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathrenewal.org\/final-environmental-impact-statement-for-lower-klamath-project\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">FERC \u00b7 Final EIS (2022)<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">Lower Klamath Project Dam-Removal EIS<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">FERC\u2019s environmental review approving removal of the four lower Klamath dams (P-14803-001) \u2014 the federal record on the drawdown\u2019s effects across anadromous fish, listed species, and lower-river water quality. The Final EIS and its appendices, hosted by KRRC.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"esa-card\" href=\"https:\/\/klamathid.org\/home\/home\/endangered-species-act\/administrative-record\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n          <span class=\"esa-tag\">KID<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-name\">Administrative Record<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-desc\">The District\u2019s official record of decisions and correspondence on Project operations.<\/span>\n          <span class=\"esa-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\">View source \u2197<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>\n.kid-esa{\n  --navy:#1b2a4e; --navy-deep:#14213d; --red:#b22234; --red-deep:#8e1a29;\n  --paper:#f6f2e9; --paper-2:#fffdf8; --wheat:#c39a3e; --slate:#4a5165;\n  --ink:#16181d; --teal:#2f8fb0; --steel:#1f6f8b; --line:#e2dccd;\n  background:var(--paper); 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